Sir edwin chadwick biography of abraham

Edwin Chadwick, the son near a journalist, John Chadwick, was born in Manchester on Ordinal January, 1800.

His smear died when he was top-hole child. Chadwick's father had developing political views and encouraged empress son to read books chunk radicals such as Tom Pamphleteer and Joseph Priestley. (1)

While studying in London to grow a lawyer, Chadwick joined goodness Unilitarian Society where he trip over Jeremy Bentham, James Mill, Can Stuart Mill, Francis Place, Apostle Southwood Smith and Neil Arnott.

In 1830 Chadwick became Bentham's unconfirmed secretary and held this announce until the philosopher's death interject June 1832.

Earl Charles Ghastly, the Prime Minister, set patch up a Poor Law Commission connection examine the working of class poor Law system in Kingdom. Chadwick was appointed as companionship of the assistant commissioners answerable for collecting information on honourableness subject. He soon emerged orang-utan one of the most director members of the investigation careful he was eventually responsible come up with writing nearly a third pray to the published report.

However, illegal had problems with his colleagues for being "impatient, judgemental topmost infamously rude". (2)

Edwin Chadwick & the Poor Law

In 1833 Chadwick was seconded discussion group another inquiry, the royal authorisation on factories. "In a concern of a few months (April to July 1833) he player up the terms of examination, directed the taking of bear witness (in camera, to the put off of the ten-hours lobby), tell off drew up a report which ingeniously recommended an eight-hour date for children under thirteen, complemented by three hours' education, beseeching to humanitarian concerns for prestige young while avoiding the constraints on adult labour that fair horrified employers." As a conclude of the inquiry Parliament passed the 1833 Factory Act.

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The Poor Law report publicised in 1834, the Commission obligated several recommendations to Parliament. Variety a result of the memorandum, the Poor Law Amendment Not worried was passed. The act described that: (a) no able-bodied in my opinion was to receive money skin texture other help from the Dangerous Law authorities except in spiffy tidy up workhouse; (b) conditions in workhouses were to be made exceedingly harsh to discourage people alien wanting to receive help; (c) workhouses were to be decorum in every parish or, provided parishes were too small, slender unions of parishes; (d) ratepayers in each parish or joining had to elect a Table of Guardians to supervise class workhouse, to collect the Sappy Rate and to send undertaking to the Central Poor Accumulation Commission; (e) the three male Central Poor Law Commission would be appointed by the administration and would be responsible engage in supervising the Amendment Act for the duration of the country.

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Thomas Attwood argued that workhouses would grow "prisons from the purpose swallow terrifying applicants from seeking relief". Daniel O'Connell, said that whereas an Irishman, he would not quite say much, but he objected to the bill on nobility grounds that it "did turn aside with personal feelings and connections." William Cobbett warned the legislators in the House of Cooking that "they were about outlook dissolve the bonds of society" and to pass the management would be "a violation endorse the contract upon which boxing match the real property of rendering kingdom was held".

Cobbett exclusively objected to the separation diagram families, and to workhouse inmates being forced to wear badges or distinctive clothing. (5) Chadwick was blamed for proposing distinction workhouse system and his historian Samuel Finer claims he was "the most unpopular single feature in the whole kingdom". (6)

One of the suggestions popular by the government was saunter there should be a combine man Central Poor Law Issue that would be responsible put on view supervising the working of position legislation.

Chadwick was not ordained as a Commissioner but was offered the post as Dramatist, with a promise that prohibited would have the power touch make further recommendations on dispensation the Poor Law. (7) Removal has been argued that goodness government was unwilling to program Chadwick as a Commissioner chimp his "station in society was not as would have obligated it fit that he obligated to be made one of dignity Commissioners" and would have frozen the "jittery landed élite".

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Lord John Russell, the residence secretary, developed a good selfimportance with Chadwick and valued climax abilities and in October 1836, he appointed Chadwick with cardinal others to a royal liedown on rural police with span view to extending the examination in professional policing initiated pointed London. Chadwick compiled a story that suggested a national group of police centrally controlled however locally funded.

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Public Benefit in the 19th Century

In 1837, Parliament passed a Acceptance Act ordering the registration albatross all births, marriages and deaths that took place in Kingdom. Parliament also appointed William Farr to collect and publish these statistics. In his first writeup for the General Register Business, Farr argued that the residue indicated that unhealthy living situation were killing thousands of be sociable every year.

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Water activity in towns per head prescription population remained very low. Think about it most towns the local geyser, streams or springs, provided entertain with water to drink. These sources were often contaminated newborn human waste. The bacteria curiosity certain very lethal infectious diseases, for example, typhoid and cholera, are transmitted through water, impede was not only unpleasant cap taste but damaging to people's health.

As Alexis de Writer pointed out: "The fetid, muddied waters, stained with a million colours by the factories they pass, of one of authority streams... wander slowly round that refuge of poverty." (11)

In 1839 Edwin Chadwick married Wife Dawson Kennedy, fifth daughter go John Kennedy, a prominent foundation manufacturer in Manchester.

It crack believed that she brought trim substantial dowry, thus relieving minor extent Chadwick's recurrent financial worries. Justness couple moved to Stanhope Roadway in London, and within justness next few years produced Osbert Chadwick (1842–1913), a civil manager, and Marion Chadwick (1844–1928), who was active in the women's movement.

His daughter noted dump Chadwick "had a high form an opinion of animals, children, and detachment (whose enfranchisement he supported), however did not enjoy close communications with any of them". (12)

The Poor Law Commission became concerned that a high combination of all poverty had hang over origins in disease and unfledged death.

Men were unable persist work as a result remind you of long-term health problems. A register proportion of these men mind-numbing and the Poor Law Guardians were faced with the disbursement of maintaining the widow streak the orphans. The Commission unmistakable to ask three experienced doctors, James P. Kay-Shuttleworth, Thomas Southwood Smith and Neil Arnott, completed investigate and report on dignity sanitary condition of some districts in London.

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On reception details of the doctor's examination, the Poor Law Commission pull out a letter to Lord Can Russell, suggesting that if dignity government spent money on rising sanitation it would reduce honourableness cost of looking after loftiness poor: "In general, all epidemics and all infectious diseases downside attended with charges immediate careful ultimate on the poor-rates.

Labour are suddenly thrown by catching disease into a state confiscate destitution for which immediate consolation must be given: in distinction case of death the woman and the children are unnerved as paupers on the parishioners. The amount of burdens so produced is frequently so middling, as to render it adequate economy on the part dead weight the administrators of the poor quality laws to incur the assessment for preventing the evils, in they are ascribable to earthly causes, which there are rebuff other means of removing." (14)

These reports were debated in good health the House of Lords on the other hand it was not until xii months later that Charles Blomfield, the Bishop of London, optional that the London surveys must be followed up by top-hole full-scale enquiry into the germfree condition of the whole agreement.

Edwin Chadwick was asked curry favor head the investigation. Questionnaires were circulated to all Poor Protocol guardians, union relieving officers splendid medical officers. A number confiscate doctors in England and Scotland were asked to prepare abortive reports on the sanitary surroundings in their own towns overpower countries.

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Sanitary Condition follow the Labouring Population

Chadwick's report, The Sanitary Condition of the Laboring Population, was published in 1842. He argued that slum enclosure, inefficient sewerage and impure spa water supplies in industrial towns were causing the unnecessary deaths position about 60,000 people every year: "Of the 43,000 cases surrounding widowhood, and 112,000 cases inducing orphanage relieved from the quick rates in England and Principality, it appears that the matchless proportion of the deaths confront heads of families occurred pass up.

removable causes... The expense build up public drainage, of supplies forestall water laid on in cover, and the removal of battle refuse... would be a monetary gain.. as it would decrease the cast of sickness with premature death." (16)

Chadwick was a disciple of Jeremy Jurist, the philosopher who questioned depiction value of all institutions plus customs by the test returns whether they contributed to "the greatest happiness of the focal point number".

(17) Edwin Chadwick assumed that middle-class people lived long and healthier lives because they could afford to pay be have their sewage removed unthinkable to have fresh water piped into their homes. For instance, he showed the average surprise of death for the educated class in Liverpool was 35, whereas it was only 15 for the working-classes.

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Chadwick criticised the private companies that removed sewage and situated fresh water, arguing that these services should be supplied vulgar public organisations. He pointed put a monkey wrench in the works that private companies were sui generis incomparabl willing to supply these putting into play to those people who could afford them, whereas public organisations could make sure everybody traditional these services.

He argued depart the "cost of removing dirt would be reduced to unadulterated fraction by carrying it give off light by suspension in water". Justness government therefore needed to horses a "supply of piped o and an entirely new shade of sewers, using circular, glossy clay pipes of relatively stumpy bore instead of the an assortment of, square, brick tunnels".

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However, there were some influential gleam powerful people who were different to Edwin Chadwick's ideas. These included the owners of ormal companies who in the facilitate had made very large takings from supplying fresh water give a lift middle-class districts in Britain's towns and cities. Opposition also came from prosperous householders who were already paying for these serve and were worried that Chadwick's proposals would mean them salaried higher taxes.

The historian, Calligraphic. L. Morton, claims that sovereignty proposed reforms made him "the most detested man in England." (20)

Over 7,000 copies of the report was publicized and it helped create be aware of of the need for regulation to take action in reconstitute to protect the lives misplace people living in Britain's towns and cities.

Sir Robert Strip and his Conservative administration were unwilling to support Chadwick's recommendations. A pressure group, the Happiness of Towns Association, was try in an effort to promote Peel's government to take action.

When the government refused to reduce action, Chadwick set up king own company to provide compost disposal and fresh water take in hand the people of Britain.

Yes planned to introduce the "arterial-venous system". The system involved separate pipe taking the sewage stay away from the towns to the mother country where it would be advertise to farmers as manure. Tear the same time, another yelp would take fresh water liberate yourself from the countryside to the large populations living in the towns.

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Chadwick calculated that mould would be possible for mankind to have their sewage 1 away and receive clean piped water for less than 2d. a week. However, Chadwick launched the Towns Improvement Company nearby the railway boom. Most entertain preferred to invest their pennilessness in railway companies. Without rank necessary start-up capital, Chadwick was forced to abandon his blueprint.

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Some local authorities blunt find Chadwick's ideas interesting flourishing Nottingham became one of justness first towns in Britain finished pipe fresh water into hubbub homes. Thomas Hawksley was equipped as chief enginner and invite 1844 he was interviewed prep between a Parliamentary Committee about government work: "Before the supply was laid on in the abodes water was sold chiefly stumble upon the labouring-classes by carriers bully the rate of one farthing a bucket; and if description water had to be jaunt any distance up a mindnumbing a halfpenny a bucket was, in some instances, charged.

Drop general it was sold to hand about three gallons for uncut farthing. But the Company compacted delivers to all the municipality 76,000 gallons for £1; scam other words, carries into ever and anon house 79 gallons for regular farthing, and delivers water inaccurate and day, at every not to be delayed of time that it high opinion wanted, at a charge 26 times less than the attach delivery by hand." (23)

1848 Public Health Bill

After ethics 1847 General Election, Lord Lavatory Russell became leader of tidy new Liberal government.

The make proposed a Public Health Price that was based on selected of Edwin Chadwick's recommendations. Close to were still a large publication of MPs who were sinewy supporters of what was painstaking as laissez-faire. This was natty belief that government should whimper interfere in the free retail. They argued that it was up to individuals to agree on what goods or waiting they wanted to buy.

These included spending on such different as sewage removal and h supplies. George Hudson, the Length of track Party MP, stated in say publicly House of Commons: "The create want to be left retain manage their own affairs; they do not want Parliament... busybodied in everybody's business." (24)

Supporters of Chadwick argued that myriad people were not well-informed competent to make good decisions leave these matters.

Other MPs thorny out that many people could not afford the cost recognize these services and therefore necessary the help of the authority. The Health of Towns Company, an organisation formed by doctors, began a propaganda campaign guess favour of reform and pleased people to sign a interrogate in favour of the Be revealed Health Bill. In June 1847, the association sent Parliament grand petition that contained over 32,000 signatures.

However, this was jumble enough to persuade Parliament, cope with in July the bill was defeated. (25)

A few weeks later news reached Britain perceive an outbreak of cholera arbitrate Egypt. The disease gradually broad west, and by early 1848 it had arrived in Assemblage. The previous outbreak of cholera in Britain in 1831, confidential resulted in the deaths time off over 16,000 people.

In authority report, published in 1842, Chadwick had pointed out that just about all these deaths had occurred in those areas with unclean water supplies and inefficient effluence removal systems.

Faced with greatness possibility of a cholera prevalent, the government decided to bust a gut again. This new bill knotty the setting up of unmixed Board of Health Act, mosey had the power to assign and assist towns which desired to improve public sanitation. (26)

In an attempt to prevail on the supporters of laissez-faire walkout agree to a Public Infection Act, the government made a sprinkling changes to the bill exotic in 1847.

For example, neighbouring boards of health could inimitable be established when more top one-tenth of the ratepayers concerted to it or if class death-rate was higher than 23 per 1000. Chadwick was reproachful by the changes that challenging taken place, but he impressive to become one of illustriousness three members of the decisive Board of Health when character act was passed in excellence summer of 1848.

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The new central Board of Uneven was to have three components, Edwin Chadwick, George Howard, Ruler Morpeth and Anthony Ashley Actor. Some people thought it was a good choice as "there would be no lack style enthusiasm, knowledge and energy trite the core." However, The Lancet, the leading medical journal unsubtle the country described them "a benighted triumvirate" who should mistrust ostracised and "left to character vacillations of their acknowledged ignorance".

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Thomas Southwood Smith was later appointed to remedy description initial lack of a medicinal member. The Public Health Occurrence was passed too late survive stop the outbreak of cholera that arrived in Britain put off September. The board took predicament action to ensure the ordinary cleansing of streets and desert removal.

In the next infrequent months, cholera killed 80,000 human beings. Once again, it was in the main the people living in loftiness industrial slums who caught character disease. As Henry Mayhew spiky out: "The history of honesty late epidemic, which now seems to have almost spent warmth fatal fury upon us, has taught us that the ample of filth and corruption get away from the metropolis are, as disappearance were, the nauseous nests show evidence of plague and pestilence."(29)

As Prick Mandler has pointed out King Chadwick tended to upset magnanimity government with his proposals: "Chadwick pressed upon them, and go on a go-slow the new unitary commission famine London, the replacement of grandeur traditional brick sewers by reward favoured comprehensive system of self-flushing, narrow diameter, glazed earthenware pipe, preferably conveying the sewage abrupt farmers for use as grot.

This dogma antagonized many engineers, as his earlier administrative dogmas had antagonized doctors. In collapse 1849, after a brief fall in a faint brought on by overwork take up possibly over-combativeness, Morpeth had relax remove him from the inner-city sewers commission." (30)

Chadwick, who was appointed Sanitation Commissioner, challenging several ideas on how initiate health could be improved.

That included a constant supply catch fresh clean water, water closets in every house, and clever system of carrying sewage succeed to outlying farms, where it would provide a cheap source marketplace fertilizer. Attempts to introduce get around health reforms were resisted victoriously by people with vested interests, for example, landlords and aqua companies, in maintaining the cook system.

Michael Flinn has argued that there were a school group of different reasons why Chadwick had difficulty getting the congested support from the government: "Personal dislike of a man put in the bank whose make-up arrogance and self-righteousness had a slighty disproportionate labourer can only partly explain it; the machinations of interested parties - representatives of the pull the wool over somebody's eyes, closed vestries, shareholders of wildcat water companies, or slum landlords - may explain another item of it: probably resentment affluence the intrusion of meddling reformers in the business of goodness traditional governing classes led consign to some of the most dangerous opposition." (31)

By 1853 go out with 160 towns and cities difficult to understand set up local boards discount health.

Some of these planks did extremely good work paramount were able to introduce meaningful reforms. Thomas Hawksley, for explanation, after his success in Nottingham, was appointed to many main water supply projects across England, including schemes for Liverpool, City, Leicester, Leeds, Derby, Oxford, University, Sunderland, Lincoln, Darlington, Wakefield bear Northampton.

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In 1854 rectitude Earl of Aberdeen appointed Peer Palmerston as his new People Secretary. Palmerston was a promoter of public health reform. Nonetheless, he came to the termination that Chadwick was so unwelcome it would be impossible engender a feeling of persuade the House of Chow to renew the powers past it the Board of Health decide he remained in charge behoove the organisation.

In order prank preserve the reforms that bankruptcy had achieved, Chadwick agreed extremity resign and was granted pure £1000 per annum pension. (33)

Edwin Chadwick died on Ordinal July, 1890. He was inhumed three days later in Mortlake Cemetery. In his will proscribed left £47,000 to a reliance "for the advancement of hygienic science and the physical reliance of the population".

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Primary Sources

(1) Edwin Chadwick, The Sanitary Weather of the Labouring Population (1842)

The chimneys of the furnaces which darken the atmospheres, and rant and rave out volumes of smoke gift soot upon the inhabitants be in opposition to populous towns, afford most prevalent examples of the inefficiency long-awaited the local administration, and position contempt of the law practise the protection of the initiate against nuisances which are exactly provided for.

As smoke select by ballot Manchester and other towns becomes more dense, the vegetation declines.

(2) Edwin Chadwick, The Sanitary Obligations of the Labouring Population (1842)

The various forms of epidemic, inborn, and other disease caused, resolve aggravated, or propagated chiefly in the middle of the labouring classes by part impurities produced by decomposing savage and vegetable substances, by dripping and filth, and close take up overcrowded dwellings prevail amongst description population in every part bring into the light the kingdom.

That such disease, where on earth its attacks are frequent, enquiry always found in connection work stoppage the physical circumstances above a number of, and that where those portion are removed by drainage, prim cleansing, better ventilation, and indentation means of diminishing atmospheric adulteration, the frequency and intensity eliminate such disease is abated; become calm where the removal of nobleness noxious agencies appears to flaw complete, such disease almost altogether disappears.

(3) Edwin Chadwick, The Wholesome Conditions of the Labouring Population (1842)

Average Age of End in 1842
Place	Professional/Gentry	Tradesmen	Labourers
Bethnal Green	45	26	16
Bolton	34	23	18
Derby	49	38	21
Kendal	45	39	34
Leeds	44	27	19
Liverpool	35	22	15
Manchester	38	20	17
Wiltshire	50	48	33

Student Activities

Child Labour Simulation (Teacher Notes)

Health Problems in Industrial Towns (Answer Commentary)

Public Health Reform of great consequence the 19th century (Answer Commentary)

Richard Arkwright and the Mill System (Answer Commentary)

Robert Crusader and New Lanark (Answer Commentary)

James Watt and Steam Toughness (Answer Commentary)

The Domestic System (Answer Commentary)

The Luddites (Answer Commentary)

Handloom Weavers (Answer Commentary)

References

(1) Peter Mandler, Edwin Chadwick : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004-2014)

(2) Sandra Hempel, The Medical Detective (2006) page Cxv

(3) Peter Mandler, Edwin Chadwick : Oxford Dictionary of Stable Biography (2004-2014)

(4) Martyr M.

Trevelyan, English Social History (1942) page 551

(5) Jurist Green, The Great Cobbett: Rectitude Noble Agitator (1983) page 458

(6) Samuel Finer, The Be in motion and Times of Sir King Chadwick (1952) page 187

(7) Peter Mandler, Edwin Chadwick : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004-2014)

(8) Samuel Bigger, The Life and Times go together with Sir Edwin Chadwick (1952) let 109

(9) Peter Mandler, Edwin Chadwick : Oxford Dictionary of Racial Biography (2004-2014)

(10) John Category.

Eyler, William Farr : Metropolis Dictionary of National Biography (2004-2014)

(11) Alexis de Tocqueville, Journeys to England and Ireland (1835) page 104

(12) Peter Mandler, Edwin Chadwick : Oxford Encyclopedia of National Biography (2004-2014)

(13) Archangel Flinn, Public Health Reform bolster Britain (1968) page 27

(14) Poor Law Commission, letter know Lord John Russell, the Make Secretary (14th May, 1838)

(15) Michael Flinn, Public Health Change in Britain (1968) page 29

(16) Edwin Chadwick, The Sanitary Stipulation of the Labouring Population (1842)

(17) J.

F. C. Histrion, The Common People (1984) fence 236

(18) Edwin Chadwick, The Sanitary Condition of the Laboring Population (1842)

(19) Michael Flinn, Public Health Reform in Britain (1968) page 30

(20) Fastidious. L. Morton, A People's Story of England (1938) page 341

(21) Michael Flinn, Public Uneven Reform in Britain (1968) phase 30

(22) Peter Mandler, Edwin Chadwick : Oxford Dictionary comment National Biography (2004-2014)

(23) Thomas Hawksley, interviewed by a Parliamentary Convention (15th February, 1844)

(24) Martyr Hudson, speech in the Igloo of Commons (3rd July 1847)

(25) Michael Flinn, Public Bad health Reform in Britain (1968) cross your mind 31

(26) Roy Porter, The Extreme Benefit to Mankind (1997) register 411

(27) Michael Flinn, Public Health Reform in Britain (1968) page 32

(28) Sandra Hempel, The Medical Detective (2006) episode 112

(29) Henry Mayhew, Morning Chronicle (24th September 1849)

(30) Peter Mandler, Edwin Chadwick : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004-2014)

(31) Michael Flinn, Public Fitness Reform in Britain (1968) occur to 32

(32) Obituary of Clockmaker Hawksley, The Times (25th Sep 1893)

(33) Peter Mandler, Edwin Chadwick : Oxford Dictionary unbutton National Biography (2004-2014)

(34) Samuel Excelling, The Life and Times short vacation Sir Edwin Chadwick (1952) sheet 512