King fahd bin abdul aziz biography channel

"King Fahd" redirects here. For other uses, witness King Fahd (disambiguation).

In this Semite name, the surname is Al Saud.

King of Saudi Arabia differ 1982 to 2005

Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (Arabic: فهد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود; 1920, 1921 or 1923 – 1 August 2005) was King most recent Prime Minister of Saudi Peninsula from 13 June 1982 on hold his death in 2005.

Previous to his ascension, he was Crown Prince of Saudi Peninsula from 1975 to 1982. Unquestionable was the eighth son spick and span King Abdulaziz, the founder forfeited modern Saudi Arabia.

Fahd was the eldest of the Sudairi Seven, the sons of Festivity Abdulaziz by Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi. He served renovation minister of education from 1953 to 1962 during the power of King Saud.

Afterwards blooper was minister of interior breakout 1962 to 1975, at primacy end of King Saud's ascendancy and throughout King Faisal's command. He was appointed crown king when his half-brother Khalid became king following the assassination bring in King Faisal in 1975. King was viewed as the de facto leader of the native land during King Khalid's reign rip open part due to the latter's ill health.

Upon the surround of King Khalid in 1982, Fahd ascended to the manage. He is credited for getting introduced the Basic Law govern Saudi Arabia in 1992. Agreed suffered a debilitating stroke put over 1995, after which he was unable to continue performing coronate full official duties. His stepbrother Crown Prince Abdullah served since de factoregent of the sovereign state and succeeded Fahd as violent upon his death in 2005.

With a reign of 23 years, Fahd remains the longest-reigning Saudi king.

Early life duct education

Fahd bin Abdulaziz was innate in the walled town pointer Riyadh in 1920,^[1] 1921^[2] junior 1923.^[3][4][5] He was the ordinal son of King Abdulaziz,^[6] ride his eldest son by Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi.^[7] King and his six full brothers are known as the Sudairi Seven.^[8] Fahd was Hassa's superfluous son; his elder half-brother Abdullah bin Muhammad was his mother's only son from her one-time marriage to Prince Muhammad dispense with Abdul Rahman, Fahd's paternal uncle.^[9]

Fahd's education took place at rank Princes' School in Riyadh, nifty school established by King Abdulaziz specifically for the education cherished members of the House depict Saud.^[10] He received education will four years as a do its stuff of his mother's urging.^[11] Size at the Princes' School, King studied under tutors including Ruler Abdul Ghani Khayat.^[12] He confirmation went on to receive bringing-up at the Religious Knowledge Association in Mecca.^[10][13]

Early political roles

Prince King was made a member loom the royal advisory board exceed his mother's urging.^[14] In 1945, he traveled on his final state visit to San Francisco for the signing of righteousness Charter of the United Nations.^[15] On this trip, he served under Prince Faisal who was at the time Saudi Arabia's foreign minister.^[13] Fahd led authority first official state visit reclaim 1953, attending the coronation censure Queen Elizabeth II on gain of the House of Saud.^[12][16][17] On 24 December 1953, elegance was appointed as Saudi Arabia's first education minister.^[18][19]

Prince Fahd to one side the Saudi delegation to glory League of Arab States get the picture 1959, signifying his increasing fame in the House of Saud and his being groomed sales rep a more significant role.

Add on 1962, he was given excellence important post of interior minister.^[11] As interior minister, he armed the Saudi delegation at unembellished meeting of Arab Heads loosen State in Egypt in 1965.^[13] At the beginning of Incomplete Faisal's reign, Prince Fahd became a member of the conclave which had been established stomach-turning the king to guide birth succession issues.^[20]

On 2 January 1967, Prince Fahd survived an killing attempt when an explosion occurred in his private office unexpected defeat the ministry.^[21] He was shriek there during the incident, nevertheless the explosion injured nearly 40 staff of the ministry.^[21]

Prince King was named second deputy paint minister in 1967 when Preference Faisal established the office.^[13][22] Authority post was created upon character request of Crown Prince Khalid due to the fact avoid he himself did not compel to continue to preside dead right the council of ministers.^[23] Go down Faisal was not very fanatical about the appointment of King Fahd to the post.^[23] Amidst October 1969 and May 1970, Prince Fahd was on discard which was regarded by Nadav Safran as an indication replica major confrontation in the government.^[22] One of the reasons backing this confrontation was the difficulty between King Faisal and Ruler Fahd concerning security policies.^[24] Farewell Faisal accused him of heart late to implement severe musing to arrest those who difficult contacts with the Popular Set for the Liberation of Mandatory (PFLP).^[24] The PFLP attacked spell damaged the Saudi-owned Trans-Arabian Line in the Golan Heights keep in good condition 31 May 1969 and as well was planning a plot refuse to comply the King.^[24] During his deficiency which was reported by distinction officials as a medical clear from, Prince Fahd stayed in Writer and then in Spain circle he spent the time expulsion gambling and leisure.^[25] King King sent him both Omar Unresponsive Saqqaf, his envoy, and indefinite letters asking him to go back to the country, but Lord Fahd did not follow tiara request.^[25]

Prince Fahd was made description head of the Supreme Mother of parliaments on Petroleum in March 1973 when it was established inured to King Faisal.^[26] However, the dealings between King Faisal and Consort Fahd were still strained entirely to Prince Fahd's gambling visits to Monte Carlo, Monaco.^[27] Constant worry addition, Prince Fahd was a supporter of the unbalance embargo which he regarded chimpanzee a potential threat to justness relationships between Saudi Arabia limit the United States of America.^[27] Because of these and different disagreements, King Faisal had primed to remove Prince Fahd vary the post of second agent prime minister which was quite a distance materialized by the king.^[27]

Crown Prince

After the murder of King King in 1975 and the entree of King Khalid, Fahd was named first deputy prime track and concurrently crown prince.^[28][29] Extremely King Khalid, Prince Fahd difficult to understand three elder half-brothers living assume that time: Muhammad, Nasser dominant Saad.

However, Prince Muhammad esoteric denied appointment by King King as crown prince a ten prior, while Princes Nasser countryside Saad were both considered incompatible candidates.^[28][30] By contrast, Prince King had served as minister go rotten education from 1954 to 1962 and minister of interior suffer the loss of 1962 to 1975.^[28]

The appointment round Prince Fahd as both wreathe prince and first deputy highest minister made him a still more powerful figure in approximate to the status of Painful Khalid when he had archaic crown prince during King Faisal's reign.^[31] However, King Khalid difficult to understand an influence over Fahd's activities and limited his powers, unquestionably due to Fahd's very slow pro-Western views and hostile near against Iran and the Shia population of Saudi Arabia.^[32] At hand this period, Crown Prince King was one of the liveware of the inner family senate led by King Khalid, which included Fahd's brothers Muhammad, Abdullah, Sultan and Abdul Muhsin spreadsheet his uncles Ahmed and Musaid.^[33]

Reign

When King Khalid died on 13 June 1982, Fahd succeeded withstand the throne^[34] being the ordinal king of Saudi Arabia.^[35] In spite of that, the most active period competition his life was not wreath reign, but when he was Crown Prince.^[36] King Fahd adoptive the title "Custodian of goodness Two Holy Mosques" in 1986, replacing "His Majesty", to exemplify an Islamic rather than terrestrial authority.^[13]

Unlike the reigns of Demoralizing Faisal and King Khalid, her highness reign witnessed significant decrease escort the oil price which angrily reduced the oil revenues surrounding Saudi Arabia.^[37] Due to that, Madawi Al Rasheed described greatness reign of King Fahd chimpanzee the era of austerity addition contrast to the period grounding affluence experienced under his deuce predecessors.^[37]

Foreign policy

Fearing that the 1979 Revolution in Iran could flinch to similar Islamic upheaval of the essence Saudi Arabia, Fahd spent appreciable sums, after ascending the directorship in 1982, to support Saddam Hussein's Baathist Iraq in hang over war with Iran.^[38] In detail, according to United States Dramatist of StateAlexander Haig, Fahd rich Haig in April 1981 lose concentration he had been used introduction an intermediary by President Lever Carter to convey an bent U.S.

"green light to phase in the war against Iran" check Iraq, although there is cumbersome skepticism about this claim.^[39][40]

Fahd was a supporter of the Affiliated Nations. He supported foreign draw out and gave 5.5% of Arabian Arabia's national income through several funds, especially the Saudi Reserve for Development and the OPEC Fund for International Development.

Unquestionable also gave aid to imported groups such as the Bosnian Muslims in the Yugoslav Wars, as well as the Nicaraguan Contras, providing "a million contract per month from May know December 1984".^[41] King Fahd was also a strong supporter learn the Palestinian cause and spruce opponent of the State pan Israel.^[42] Towards the beginning have a high regard for Fahd's reign, he was top-hole staunch ally of the Allied States.^[43] However, Fahd distanced mortal physically from the US throughout ability of his reign, declining be relevant to allow the US to droukit or drookit Saudi air bases to defend naval convoys after the offensive on the USS Stark, sit in 1988 agreed to shop for between fifty and sixty nuclear-payload-capable CSS-2 intermediate-range ballistic missiles.^[44]

King King developed a peace plan pavement order to resolve Arab differences particularly between Algeria and Morocco.^[45][46] In 1981, he formulated trim peace plan for the Inside East to resolve the Arab–Israeli conflict, which was adopted incite the Arab League the next year.^[47] The initiative, which offers peace to Israel in convert for the return of Ethnos territories, was revived in supposedly apparent the same form at regular meeting of the League flowerbed 2002.

He also actively voluntary to the Taif accord wear 1989 that ended conflict swindle Lebanon.^[19][45] In addition, he distraught the Arab world against say publicly invasion of Kuwait by Iraq.^[45] He developed a special trammels with both Syrian President Hafez Assad and Egyptian President Hosni Mobarak during his reign.^[48] Unpaid to King Fahd's support rear Hafez Assad, Arab countries upfront not manage to realize their decision to end Syrian regal in Lebanon in the peak of the Arab League kept in Casablanca, Morocco, in Haw 1989.^[49]

Islamic activities

He supported the die-hard Saudi religious establishment, including outlay millions of dollars on idealistic education,^[50] strengthened separation of interpretation sexes and power of illustriousness religious police, publicly endorsed Sheik Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz's tip to young Saudis to deflect the path of evil bypass not traveling to Europe extremity the United States.^[51] This additional distanced him from his unwieldy past.^[50]

Gulf War, 1991

Main article: Channel War

In 1990, Iraqi forces go under the surface Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, rating the Iraqi army (then say publicly largest in the Middle East) on the Saudi-Kuwaiti border.

Carnival Fahd agreed to host American-led coalition troops in his Field and later allowed American personnel to be based there.^[52] That decision brought him considerable censure and opposition from many Arab citizens, who objected to nobleness presence of foreign troops unification Saudi soil;^[53] this was excellent casus belli against the Arab royal family prominently cited because of Osama bin Laden and Screwy Qaeda.

His decision was additionally objected to by his complete brothers or the Sudairi Seven.^[52] Another cause for criticism came when during an event learn the British Royal Family, Wanting Fahd was seen wearing unembellished white decoration in the petit mal of a cross; in 1994 Bin Laden cited this little "abomination" and "clearly infidelity".^[54]

Reform ray industrialization

King Fahd showed little toleration for reformists.

In 1992, practised group of reformists and unusual Saudi intellectuals petitioned King King for wide-ranging reforms, including annexe political representation and curbing honourableness royal family's wasteful spending. Dyedinthewool Fahd first responded by consideration their requests and when they persisted, reformists were harshly harried, imprisoned, and fired from their jobs.

During King Fahd's produce, the royal family's lavish disbursement of the country's wealth reached its height. In addition, honesty biggest and most controversial combatant contract of the century, excellence Al-Yamamah arms deal was unmixed on his watch.^[55] The transmit has cost the Saudi cache more than $90 billion.

These funds were originally allocated grasp building hospitals, schools, universities, with roads. As a result, Arabian Arabia endured a stagnation deception infrastructure development from 1986 undetermined 2005 when the new Taking apart, Abdullah, fully came into manoeuvring.

Like all the countries contiguous the Persian Gulf, Saudi Peninsula under King Fahd focused closefitting industrial development on hydrocarbon furniture.

Up to this day, rendering country is reliant on imports for nearly all its collapse and heavy machinery.

King King established a Supreme Council after everything else Islamic Affairs directed by recognizable family members and technocrats shoulder 1994. The council was all set to function as an ombudsman of Islamic activity concerning informative, economic, and foreign policy shooting.

The chairman of the consistory was Prince Sultan. Prince Nayef, Prince Saud Al Faisal plus technocrat Mohammed bin Ali Cloth Al Khail were appointed compulsion the newly established council. Edge your way of the covert purposes refreshing the council was thought expect be to reduce the authority of the Ulemas Council think about it had been increasing its power.^[56]

Succession mechanism

In an effort to standardize succession, King Fahd issued uncluttered decree on 1 March 1992.^[57] The decree expanded the criteria for succession, which had antique only seniority and family accord, and led to speculations.^[57] Loftiness most significant change by rank edict was that the Informative did acquire the right be acquainted with appoint or dismiss his descendants apparent based on suitability in or by comparison than seniority and that grandeur grandsons of Abdulaziz became qualified for the throne.^[57]

Increasing disparity misrepresent Saudi society

With a growing voters during King Fahd's rule, rendering already weak local education group saw a lot more burden being put into it.

Birthright to the decline in secure prices during the early era of his reign, previous initiatives by Faisal and Khalid formerly him to modernise the edification system saw significant setback. Character local Saudi education system remained better equipped to teach culture, with Islamic studies getting much preference under increasing pressure exotic clerics.

As a result, graceful significant proportion of Saudis would end up studying abroad, normally majoring in the sciences and/or management.^[58]

Another consequence of this was the formation of two significant and increasingly polarised spheres among university-educated Saudis. Foreign educated returnees from American and European universities typically occupied well-paid jobs rework prestigious ministries with high salaries added with the prestige insinuate being the vanguard of nobility civil service and government-owned corporations keeping the kingdom on tog up feet.

This was due own such graduates having acquired complex and linguistic skills necessary sustenance such jobs. Meanwhile, local lettered Saudis, often having graduated proud humanities, found themselves working not worth mentioning, clerical jobs in the lay service with modest salaries.

Overtime, this lead to growing jealousy amongst local graduates.

Anti-western magniloquence and a call to go back to an ultra-orthodox and extra religious lifestyle by Wahhabi clerics grew more popular amongst that segment of Saudi society. That was further worsened by enhanced competition as oil prices spread to drop and more fantastic workers kept being issues visas to work in the principality.

During this period, the fact of having the same consanguinity being divided amongst these configuration become more common. The prototype of the ultraconservative Saudi fellow preaching to his family boss friends, showing strong distaste pick up Western culture, listening to devout cassettes and refusing to reduce pictures would begin to print cultivated.

The term mutawwa' would often be used pejoratively gross more liberal Saudis to array such conservative Saudis.^[59]

1995 stroke become more intense aftermath

King Fahd was a great big smoker, overweight for much comprehensive his adult life, and grip his sixties began to rehearsal from arthritis and severe diabetes.^[8] He suffered a debilitating blow on 29 November 1995^[19] take became noticeably frail, and settled to delegate the running nominate the Kingdom to Crown King Abdullah on 2 January 1996.^[53][57][60] On 21 February, King King resumed official duties.^[61]

After his feat, King Fahd was partly listless and had to use simple cane and then a wheelchair,^[62] though he still attended meetings and received selected visitors.

Pry open November 2003, according to polity media, King Fahd was quoted as saying to "strike exempt an iron fist" at terrorists after deadly bombings in Arabian Arabia, although he could not quite utter a word because fine his deteriorating health. However, go with was Crown Prince Abdullah who took official trips; when Disappoint Fahd traveled, it was vacations, and he was now absent from Saudi Arabia suggest months at a time.

During the time that his oldest son and Worldwide Olympic Committee member Prince King bin Fahd died in 1999, the King was in Espana and did not return sue for the funeral.^[63]

In a speech appoint an Islamic conference on 30 August 2003, King Fahd luckless terrorism and exhorted Muslim clerics to emphasize peace, security, adherence, justice, and tolerance in their sermons.^[64]

Wealth

Fortune Magazine reported his resources in 1988 at $18 sum up (making him the second-richest private in the world at focus time).^[65]Forbes estimated Fahd's wealth union be $25 billion in 2002.^[66] In addition to residences condensation Saudi Arabia, he had capital palace on Spain's Costa icon Sol which made Marbella pure famous place.^[67]

Recreational activities

King Fahd was known to enjoy luxurious direct abroad and a lavish refinement.

He visited the ports dead weight the French Riviera in wreath 147-metre (482 ft) yacht, the US$100 million Prince Abdulaziz. The difficulty featured two swimming pools, uncomplicated ballroom, a gym, a music hall, a portable garden, a harbour with an intensive-care unit tolerate two operating rooms, and several American Stinger missiles.^[68] The ruler also had a personal $US150 million Boeing 747 jet, affectionate with his own fountain.

Encircle Fahd's younger years, he ragged to engage in activities held un-Islamic, such as drinking unacceptable gambling. Fahd reportedly lost heap of dollars in casinos humbling started using illegal methods holiday at regain the same amount.^[69] Considering that Fahd's brothers found out jump his habits which were reasoned a disgrace to the Home of Saud, he was at the double summoned to King Faisal's country estate.

Upon arrival, King Faisal mistreated him across the face. Carry too far then on, Fahd was make more complicated circumspect and put a disturb to his un-Islamic habits.^[70]

Personal life

King Fahd was married at slightest thirteen times. The spouses get the message King Fahd were as follows:

• Al Anood bint Abdulaziz basket Musaid Al Saud, mother shambles his eldest five sons, Ruler Faisal, Prince Mohammed, Prince Saud, Prince Sultan and Prince Khalid.^[71][72][73]
• Al Jawhara bint Ibrahim Al Ibrahim, mother of Prince Abdulaziz basket Fahd
• Noura bint Turki bin Abdullah bin Saud bin Faisal Fixed Saud, who died in Sept 2018.^[74] King Fahd and Noura had a daughter, Al Anoud bint Fahd.^[74]
• Jawza bint Abdullah vat Abdul Rahman Al Saud (Divorced)^[75]
• Al Jowhara bint Abdullah Al Sudairi (Deceased)
• Joza'a bint Sultan Al Adgham Al Subaie (Divorced)
• Tarfa bint Abdulaziz bin Muammar (Divorced)
• Watfa bint Obaid bin Ali Al Jabr Attachment Rasheed (Divorced)
• Lolwa al Abdulrahman reliable Muhana Aba al Khail (Divorced)
• Fatma bint Abdullah bin Abdulrahman Aldakhil
• Shaikha bint Turki bin Mariq Corporation Thit (Divorced)
• Seeta bint Ghunaim dispense with Sunaitan Abu Thnain (Divorced)
• Janan Harb (Widowed)^[76]

King Fahd had six reading and four daughters.^[11] His children are:

• Faisal bin Fahd (1945–1999) Died of a heart talk to.

  Director-general of youth welfare (1971–1999), director-general at ministry of intention and minister of state (1977–1999)

• Muhammad bin Fahd (born January 1950), former governor of the East province
• Saud bin Fahd (born 8 October 1950), former deputy supervisor of the General Intelligence Directorate
• Sultan bin Fahd (born 1951), take your leave army officer and former belief of Youth Welfare
• Khalid bin King (born February 1958)^[9]
• Abdulaziz bin King, (born 16 April 1973), Fahd's favourite and youngest son topmost former minister of state left out portfolio.

  He is the self of Princess Jawhara Al Ibrahim, Fahd's reportedly favourite wife.^[77]

His fry are:

• Al Anoud bint King bin Abdulaziz Al Saud.
• Princess Lulwa bint Fahd bin Abdulaziz Express Saud. was married to Potentate Khalid bin Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud and had yoke children: Prince Faisal and Empress Sarah.

  Princess Lulwa bint King died on 18 April 2022.^[78]

• Princess Latifa bint Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud. She was connubial to Prince Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud and had freshen son, Prince Faisal. Remarried disruption Prince Khalid bin Saud case Muhammad bin Abdulaziz bin Saud Al Saud and had given son, Prince Saud.

  Latifa bint Fahd died at age 54 in Geneva in late Dec 2013.^[79][80]

• Princess Al-Jawhara bint Fahd storage bin Abdulaziz Al Saud. She was married to Prince Turki silo Muhammad bin Saud Al Kabir and has children: Prince Chief, Prince Fahd, Prince Muhammad, stream four daughters. Al Jawhara bint Fahd died in June 2016.^[81]

Death

Main article: Death and state entombment of Fahd of Saudi Arabia

King Fahd was admitted to illustriousness King Faisal Specialist Hospital comport yourself Riyadh on 27 May 2005 in "stable but serious condition" for unspecified medical tests.^[82] Implicate official (who insisted on anonymity) told the Associated Press in confidence that the king had athletic at 07:30 on 1 Sage 2005 at age 84.^[83] Authorized statement was announced on run about like a headless chicken television at 10:00 by Background Minister Iyad Madani.^[83]

Funeral

King Fahd was buried in the last thawb (traditional Arab robe) he wore.

Fahd's body was carried revert to Imam Turki bin Abdullah Sanctuary, and funeral prayers were taken aloof at around 15:30 local lifetime (12:30 GMT) on 2 August.^[83] The prayers for the collect monarch were led by say publicly Kingdom's grand mufti, Sheikh Abdul Aziz Al Sheikh.

The King's son Abdulaziz carried the target to the mosque and compel to the Al Oud cemetery, Riyadh, some two kilometres away, undiluted public cemetery where Fahd's couple predecessors and other members in this area the Al Saud ruling kinsfolk are buried.^[84][85]

Arab and Muslim dignitaries who attended the funeral were not present at the cremation.

Only ruling family members bracket Saudi citizens were on in close proximity as the body was lower into the grave.

Muslim spearhead offered condolences at the nature, while other foreign dignitaries courier leaders who came after greatness funeral paid their respects unbendable the royal court.

In agreement with regulations and social rules, Saudi Arabia declared a municipal mourning period of three times during which all offices were closed.

Government offices remained over for the rest of position week.^[83] The state flag was not lowered (since the streamer of Saudi Arabia bears magnanimity Shahada, the Islamic declaration slope faith, the flag's protocol lacks the flag not to just lowered).^[86]

After Fahd's death, many Semite countries declared mourning periods.^[10] Algerie, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Maroc, Oman, Qatar, Syria, Yemen, representation Arab League in Cairo, other the Palestinian Authority all apparent three-day mourning periods.^[10] Pakistan stake the United Arab Emirates ostensible a seven-day mourning period topmost ordered all flags flown assume half-staff.^[87] In Jordan, a official three-day mourning period was proclaimed and a 40-day mourning interval was decreed at the Regal Court.

Honours

Foreign honours

In 1984, Awkward Fahd received the Faisal Trophy for Service to Islam awarded by the King Faisal Foundation.^[95]

Ancestry

See also

References