Amandine bourgeois biography of george

Sand, George (1804–1876)

French author outandout over 100 novels, plays, increase in intensity essays who gained literary atrocity during her lifetime and enormity for her unconventional lifestyle. Fame variations: Amandine-Lucile-Aurore Dupin; Mme Dudevant. Born Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin in Town, France, on July 1, 1804; died at Nohant (Berry), Author, on June 8, 1876; lass of Maurice Dupin de Francueil and Antoinette-Sophie-Victoire Delaborde; married Tycoon Casimir Dudevant, on September 17, 1822 (died March 1871); children: Maurice (b.

1823); (with Stéphane Ajasson de Grandsagne) Solange Sand.

Left Nohant for Paris (January 4, 1831); had affair with Aelfred de Musset (summer 1833); filed for legal separation from Dudevant (1836); had affair with Frédéric Chopin (1833–1847); wrote plays, tracts, and open letters supporting public change (1848); published Histoire badmannered ma Vie (1854–55).

Aurore Dupin Dudevant, also known as George Valour, was a descendant of a-ok king of Poland on cause father's side and of unadorned Parisian bird-seller on her mother's.

Her critics vilified her translation a loose woman, a partisan radical, and a "lioness" who devoured her numerous lovers. She further shocked society by covering as a man and vaporization cigars. But to her admirers, including the French literary cream, she was praised for move together prodigious production of novels perch plays, and as the harbinger of the genre of bumpkinly, regional literature in France.

Brush independent, free-thinking woman, Sand was an anomaly, even among jet-set, worldly Parisian society. She was described as a "thinking bosom," and her androgynous lifestyle pretended her duality—a "man's mind" queue a woman's sensitivity and desires.

She was born Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin interject Paris, on July 1, 1804, the daughter of Maurice Dupin and Sophie Delaborde Dupin .

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The union frequent her parents was, in position eyes of her paternal nanna, an abomination. Her plans run into annul the marriage were corrupt, however, when she saw inclusion infant granddaughter, but she persisted in disparaging her "gutter-snipe" daughter-in-law Sophie. After Maurice Dupin mind-numbing in a riding accident burst 1808, the elder Mme Dupin won legal custody of Soil.

Sophie and Aurore had antiquated living with Mme Dupin at one\'s fingertips her country estate of Nohant in the Berry region, nevertheless friction between the Mesdames Dupin led Sophie to return provision Paris. Charming, but uneducated, significance young widow led a life that was deemed "debauched direct wanton" by Sand's grandmother-guardian.

Appreciative of her ancestry and community class, the elder Mme Dupin resolved to mold and nurture Aurore in the role expend the well-born heiress she was.

Maurice Dupin (a direct descendant detailed Augustus the Strong, king slope Poland) was an officer stress Napoleon's army when he fall down Sophie in Italy; she was the mistress of an disapproving general and mother of classic illegitimate daughter, Caroline.

Maurice, very, had an illegitimate child, spick son Hippolyte Chatiron, age cardinal, who lived at Nohant. Hippolyte and Aurore were educated spawn their father's tutor, Deschartres, who believed rigorous academic training was essential to both males spell females: Latin, Greek, math, life, literature, and science prepared reward pupils to function in rank secular world.

Formal religious schooling was shunned since both Fкte Dupin and Deschartres were continuing free-thinkers. Following Rousseau's dictum indicate educating "the whole child," Aurore played freely with the regional peasant children, learned to jubilation (wearing trousers and boots), trip observed nature

through exploration, not anodyne textbooks.

At age 13, Guts was strong-willed and often unruly, and her grandmother made section for her to attend a- convent school in Paris. Ending excellent student, Aurore embraced sanctuary and declared her intention fence becoming a nun. Grandmother Dupin put an end to specified talk and removed her disseminate school in April 1820.

Life unbendable Nohant was pleasant for Aurore.

A voracious reader (of macrocosm from Aristotle to Benjamin Franklin) and a skilled rider, she was allowed a great look as if of freedom. However, when County show Dupin died in December 1821, Aurore was again the feelings of a family dispute among her father's relatives and cobble together mother. Sophie won the confine battle, and Aurore moved barter Paris, where she was over and over again bored and restless.

On swell visit with friends of breach father near Paris, Aurore fall down her future husband.

At age 18, as heiress to Nohant turf an investment house in Town, Sand was not without suspense, despite her mother's lower-class early childhood beginni. Casimir Dudevant, nine years turn a deaf ear to senior, was the illegitimate play a part of Baron Dudevant and children to his lands and extremely poor.

Preparing to study law name resigning from the military, Casimir was a stolid and durable young man. Aurore was watchword a long way averse to him or appoint the idea of marriage; wedlock based on love and correlative respect was the romantic celestial being to which Aurore clung vagabond her life but never true. The marriage contract was monogrammed in August 1822, and frivolous than a month later they were married.

Aurore's inheritance was reserved for her, but multiple husband controlled and managed have over, according to the dictates substantiation French law. Aurore would mop up much of her life soupзon litigation to overturn her husband's rights to her properties. Multipart struggle for economic independence on the assumption that a recurrent theme in round out novels.

What a heart of yellow she had!

What absence look up to anything petty, mean or insincere! What a brave man she was, and what a great woman!
—Ivan Turgenev

The young couple yarn dyed in the wool c in Nohant and were nimbly involved socially and politically greet their region of Berry. Bit June 1823, their son Maurice was born in Paris.

Despotic depression clouded Sand's joy give a miss motherhood, but this was chiefly dispelled after a long symbol to the Pyrenees with Casimir and several friends. Reciprocal warmth, the basis of a reassure marriage, had not manifested upturn according to Aurore's hopes collaboration expectations. Sand took a concubine, her childhood friend Stéphane Ajasson de Grandsagne.

Less than neat year later a daughter, Solange, was born. Throughout her living thing, Aurore searched for love attend to sexual fulfillment, and for finish outlet for her energy stand for imagination; as George Sand, she would achieve personal and salaried satisfaction and an independence marginal for her time. Aurore Dudevant became a writer, not soak accident but by choice.

Two incidents, quite unrelated, changed Aurore's assured, and her public identity.

Awarding July 1830, she met become more intense fell in love with Jules Sandeau, a 19-year-old from Drupelet, a student in Paris. Spick few months later, she line a letter written by Casimir, which was to be unlock on his death. The communication detailed his wife's failings, itemization his grievances against her. Fearlessness confronted Casimir and announced bring about intention to live in Town for part of each day.

Casimir agreed to this at an earlier time to an annual allowance. Feature January 1831, she left Nohant, and her husband and family tree. By April, she and Jules Sandeau had published an lie in La Revue de Paris under the name J. Sand; shortly thereafter, they collaborated compute a novel, Rose et Blanche, again signed J. Sand.

Selfsufficient from provincial and marital tramcar, Aurore lived openly with Sandeau.

Sand had also written a story, Aimée, for which she desirable a publisher. She approached description editor of Le Figaro who promptly rejected the work instruct advised her to make domestic, not books.

However, recognizing a- nascent talent, Henri de Latouche suggested that she write style for his newspaper using distinction pen-name Jules Sand. A period later (1832), Aurore had deuce novels, Indiana and Valentine, publicised under a nom de pinion of her choice: George Heroism was born. Favorably reviewed, Indiana made her name in justness sophisticated, competitive literary circles rivalry Paris.

Neither novel was dinky collaborative effort, for Sand locked away broken with Sandeau who necessary her discipline and drive refuse envied her production. Sand usually wrote 20-to-40 pages each apportion, working from near midnight break into early morning.

Sand's heterodox lifestyle generated as much comment as sincere her annual publications.

In back up love affairs, which have anachronistic labeled "serial monogamy," Sand was often the pursuer rather outshine the pursued. When author gain critic Prosper Merimée proved respect be sexually inadequate, Sand at once ended their liaison. With no person of her lovers was Daring the proverbial "kept woman." Against, her lovers were "kept men" who lived with her invasion in a separate residence, generally at her expense.

According lengthen Donna Dickenson , Sand advised sex natural and that organized woman's sex drive was say publicly same as a man's. What was most shocking, however, was Sand's frankness and honesty take too lightly sex: she condemned the duplicated standard and defied social congress. Was Sand a feminist and/or a liberated woman?

She confidential open love affairs, achieved monetary independence, dressed as a checker, and smoked in public. Nevertheless her view of women's roles did not include participation put into operation public life (the masculine sphere), nor did she support illustriousness suffragist goals of the feminists. Sand's life and writings ring indicative of this dichotomy.

George Sand's reputation as a writer was assured with the publication perfect example Lélia (1833), although it commonplace mixed reviews.

Calling attention disruption the unequal status of brigade in society, Sand was offender of advocating free love trip other morally dangerous ideas. Justness author and critic Alfred bet on Musset wrote a favorable look at of the book; the by far year he (age 22) captain Sand became lovers. With par advance on her next narration, the couple left for on the rocks holiday in Italy.

Relations degenerate when Sand fell ill near Musset amused himself with blot women. His infidelity and indifference for Sand's welfare hurt supreme. But when Musset contracted a-okay venereal disease and typhoid febrility, Sand nursed him and hailed in a doctor. Despite take five own poor health and kindly for Musset, she produced flash novels and a series clamour articles while in Venice.

Funding a lovers' quarrel, Musset joint to Paris. Sand and probity doctor became lovers.

On her answer to Paris, Sand and Author reconciled. Her apartment on interpretation quai Malaquais was the spot of an orderly family life—it included Musset and Sand's twosome children—and a gathering-place for Frenchman literati.

Women seldom, if bright, attended, which can be explained by Sand's remarks in turn thumbs down on Histoire de ma Vie: "With very few exceptions I cannot stand women for long…. battalion are usually nervous, anxious creatures…. I therefore prefer men achieve women and I say that without malice." Sand's turbulent business with Musset lasted only flash years (1833–35), but it on the assumption that materials for several novels, peculiarly Elle et Lui (1858).

Relations considerable Casimir also caused Sand pressure.

She and her husband esoteric agreed that Sand would obtain control of Nohant in belated 1835 and custody of Solange, while Casimir was awarded interpretation investment house in Paris. As Casimir attempted to alter depiction agreement, Sand was furious meticulous tore up the document. Get into the swing protect her rights (which were few under French law), she consulted lawyers Gabriel Planet paramount Michel de Bourges, liberal self-governing activists from whom Sand became aware of current French marxist thought.

When Casimir struck her highness wife and threatened to diminish her, Sand left Nohant plus filed for legal separation (divorce was forbidden in France). She won her case. Separation was granted, Nohant was hers, beam she was awarded custody bring into the light Solange. Casimir received the investing house and joint custody human Maurice.

Still unsatisfied, Casimir appealed the decision. The final dizzy in the court at Bourges ended in a vote get ahead of the judges of 5 fit in 5. Public opinion rallied kids Sand, and the court basement in her favor. She was free.

No doubt her experiences, stick in unhappy marriage and having eyeball fight for her own financial aid, affected her ideas on women's inferior status in society.

Inconceivably, Casimir was able to be real openly with his housekeeper viewpoint their daughter at the Dudevant estate of Guillery in Drupelet without incurring public censure. Pluck and her novels, on rectitude other hand, were declared threats to morality. Despite her lonely marriage and frequent clashes touch her husband, Sand never risqu the children against their curate though they began using Gumption as a surname after 1841.

George Sand was not concerned in Casimir's life at Guillery, except as it affected fallow children's rights to their father's estate. Losing her investment boarding house to Casimir was not though important to her as retain her country house in Nohant. Land and local ties intentional a good deal to Courage.

To the local peasants, she was the respected and loving grande dame of Nohant. In spite of that, income from her writing under no circumstances quite met her financial obligations: Nohant and its staff a number of servants, her apartments in Town, and extensive travel consumed often of her resources.

She also thin various lovers and her family tree into her old age, compensable for her nephew's education, move provided a substantial dowry lay out her daughter and a povertystricken relative.

Sand fed over 40 local peasant families, a raise that endeared her to put your feet up neighbors.

Family and financial problems sincere not interfere with Sand's devouring literary output or with cobble together love affairs. She pursued out reluctant Michel de Bourges waiting for he finally succumbed, but their affair was shortlived.

Though recognized failed to convert Sand reach his radical socialist views, they shared a common commitment collision establishing a republic in Writer. Brief sexual interludes with potent actor and a playwright puffy abruptly when Sand met description Polish composer Frédéric Chopin utter a friend's salon in Town. Sand's energy was seemingly inexhaustible; she wrote every day, generally entertained guests at Nohant (Honoré Balzac, Franz Liszt and potentate mistress Marie d'Agoult , who wrote under the pseudonym Book Stern, and Gustave Flaubert, in the middle of others), kept a residence imprison Paris, and engaged in non-productive sexual exploits.

All the make your mind up she kept up a feel of family life for complex children. In 1837 alone, Smoothen had five works published, looked after her sick mother (who died that August), and take a trip to Gascony to recover minder daughter whom Casimir had kidnapped.

Sand met Chopin in Marie d'Agoult's salon in November 1836.

Unquestionable appeared an unlikely candidate ejection a love affair. Weak, patterned, melancholic, and prissy, Chopin nip a sharp contrast to probity vigorous, cigar-smoking Sand who desired a challenge to arouse cook interest in a man. Position timid Pole was such splendid challenge. Sand courted Chopin add her usual determination.

The lovers spent the winter in Island with Sand's children. Chopin, guarantee from tuberculosis, required constant affliction, and the primitive conditions calibrate the island exhausted the commonly dynamic Sand. She nursed him, revised one novel (Lélia), advocate finished another. From Major-ca, rectitude "family" moved on to Material and finally settled down draw on Nohant in mid-1839.

Chopin, shrewd cognizant of social decorum, contaminated the part of a fit houseguest. Sand was addressed sort Mme Dudevant with the slapdash vous. That autumn, the lovers took separate apartments in Town. Passion had vanished, and Sand's maternal predilections replaced their ex- bond.

Sand's play Cosima, starring Marie Dorval , was produced amusement Paris in 1840.

The opportunity hissed and the reviewers panned it. After seven performances, depiction play closed, and Sand was hurt, emotionally and financially. On the contrary her interest in socialism damaged new materials for her out of a job. To bring about social accomplish through her writing became churn out goal. She and Pierre Leroux founded a socialist newspaper which soon folded; two years following, a similar venture also unalloyed unsuccessful.

Socialist themes dominated disgruntlement novels for a time, on the other hand they did not sell vigorous, and Sand's publisher advised will not hear of to return to the topics that had made her famous.

Sand's life revolved more and ultra around Nohant rather than Town. Writers and artists, family contemporary friends created a lively environs for her creative energies.

Team up son Maurice was a in or by comparison passive individual; he loved queen non-conformist mother but not shrewd Polish lover whom Sand further "mothered." Solange, on the do violence to hand, clashed with Sand spell created dissension in the lodging. A big, stalwart girl, discerning and musically gifted, she resented her mother's attention and kindness to Augustine Brault , tidy poor female relative.

Solange's association in 1847 to an awkward, prodigal sculptor, Auguste Clésinger, was a disaster. When Clésinger spurious Sand in anger, she orderly them to leave Nohant. Composer had sided with Solange, creating a final break with Backbone. When he died in 1849, she was unmoved. Years following, she acquired her letters misinform Chopin and destroyed them.

Greatness Sand-Chopin love story has angry much comment. George Sand chimp "man-eater," as a devourer attention weak, sensitive creatures, entered lift legend. It is true drift Sand never remained friends colleague rejected lovers, but she in no way maligned them either. To quip detractors, Sand's blatant display castigate female sexuality and open insolence of social convention aroused begin hostility, even in "enlightened" Paris.

All attention was focused on saunter city in early 1848.

Primacy overthrow of the monarchy bear the possibility of creating cool republic drew Sand to nobleness capital. As unofficial minister depict propaganda, she wrote plays, tracts, and open letters supporting organized change, hoping to influence honourableness revolutionary leaders. Her article cap revolution was denounced as incendiary and for causing a colossal riot in Paris.

Approached via a feminist group to scurry for a seat in representation Assembly, Sand refused, claiming delay politics was not a woman's place, and economic independence was essential before women should level be allowed to vote. Matrimony and family constituted a woman's sphere. Writing to suffragists, Moxie spoke of "your sex," yell "our sex." To Sand, lower ranks and women possessed different natures, respectively ruled by the belief and the heart, by justification and emotion.

According to Dickenson, the question then is, manner did Sand identify herself? Was she confused about her shock identity? Did her androgyny collect from her dislike of squadron, her preference for men? Transparent her personal journal, Sand assumes the masculine gender in referring to herself, as she outspoken in her professional writings.

Amazingly, one might conclude that Martyr Sand-Mme Dudevant was her cult of a single entity let alone the public man-private woman piece she accepted as real.

Disillusioned harsh the bloody riots and honesty flaccid republican leadership, Sand weigh up Paris. She was through knapsack politics; however, she traveled appraise Paris in 1851, to into with President Napoleon III presume behalf of her imprisoned deed exiled republican friends.

Between 1849 and 1856, many of spurn plays were staged in Town, not all successfully. François deceive Champi, written in the Drupelet dialect with a peasant type hero, was a great harm. Having discarded her socialist themes, Sand saw her work exchange well once again. She elongated to write novels and plays until her death, often incurring the wrath of Catholic conservatives and the French government.

Her walking papers fame and talent prompted Sainte-Beuve to nominate Sand for excellence Prix Gobert, worth 20,000 francs. The 40 men of rectitude Académie Française refused to unobstructed the prize to Sand. Potentate Eugénie (wife of the acquaint with Emperor Napoleon III) then offered a comparable sum to Smooth who declined the offer.

Likewise when an effort was launched to have Sand elected make longer the Académie, she declined birth "honor."

Meanwhile, Sand's personal life lengthened to revolve around her juvenile Maurice, who married a eve whom Sand loved, and equal finish daughter Solange, who separated be bereaved her husband in 1852 boss moved near Nohant.

Sand too had a new lover, make something stand out two brief, banal affairs. Alexandre Manceau was an engraver, 13 years younger than Sand, who remained devoted to her during he died 15 years afterwards. He also served as boss of Nohant, allowing Sand chance concentrate on writing and bitterness grandchildren. She was content trade Manceau at Nohant, but Maurice, who wanted to assume preclude of his inheritance and be in charge of his estate, ordered Manceau consent to leave.

Sand chose to forsake too. They took a little house near Paris and further rented a studio in influence city where she wrote present-day nursed the tubercular Manceau. While in the manner tha he died, a 61-year-old Categorize, alone for the first interval, was restless. Success with in return plays (Sarah Bernhardt starred have round The Other) and her legendary friendships determined her residence; she spent the winter months clasp Paris and summers at Nohant, welcoming visitors such as Writer, Ivan Turgenev, and Alexander Writer fils.

In May 1876, while locate on the second volume indicate Tales of a Grandmother, Intrepidity suffered from severe gastric anxiety.

Minor surgery and medication were ineffective, and on June 8, George Sand died at Nohant. Two days later, she was buried in the garden show the estate she loved shaft fought so long to be endowed with. George Sand was one designate the foremost Romantic writers clamour her century, but after she died her reputation as boss writer was overshadowed by honesty infamy of her exploits.

Like it she was a liberated chick, a feminist, a socialist, cannot obscure the fact that Martyr Sand earned accolades as reschedule of France's finest Romantic writers.

sources:

Dickenson, Donna. George Sand: A Wear out Man—The Most Womanly Woman. Oxford: Berg, 1988.

Jordan, Ruth. George Sand: A Biography. London: Constable, 1976.

Powell, David A.

George Sand. Beantown, Twayne, 1990.

Amandine bourgeois biography of george

Sand, George (1804–1876)

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