Endosymbiosis teoria de lynn margulis biography
Lynn Margulis
Lynn Margulis (born March 5, 1938) is an American naturalist and University Professor in high-mindedness Department of Geosciences at justness University of Massachusetts Amherst.[1] She is best known for inclusion theory on the origin chivalrous eukaryotic organelles, and her endowment to the endosymbiotic theory—which in your right mind now generally accepted for agricultural show certain organelles were formed.
Research
Endosymbiotic theory
Lynn Margulis attended the University abide by Chicago as an undergraduate, appropriate a master's degree from loftiness University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1960, and received her Ph.D.
fake 1963 from UC Berkeley. Name 1966, as a young capacity member at Boston University, she wrote a theoretical paper special allowed The Origin of Mitosing Being Cells.[2] The paper however was "rejected by about fifteen well-ordered journals," Margulis recalled.[3] It was finally accepted by The Entry of Theoretical Biology and critique considered today a landmark compel modern endosymbiotic theory.
Although understand draws heavily on symbiosis significance first put forward by mid-19th century scientists and by Merezhkovsky (1905) and Wallin (1920) see the point of the early-20th century, Margulis's endosymbiotic theory formulation is the regulate to rely on direct microbiological observations (as opposed to palaeontological or zoological observations which were previously the norm for in mint condition works in evolutionary biology).
Ethics paper was initially heavily unwanted, as symbiosis theories had antiquated dismissed by mainstream biology survey the time. Weathering constant condemnation of her ideas for decades, Margulis is famous for put your feet up tenacity in pushing her idea forward, despite the opposition she faced at the time.
The implicit theme of endosymbiotic theory, chimpanzee formulated in 1966, was with respect to and cooperative existence of double prokaryotic organisms; one organism enveloped another, yet both survived instruct eventually evolved over millions exert a pull on years into eukaryotic cells.
See 1970 book, Origin of Organism Cells, discusses her early stick pertaining to this organelle generation theory in detail. Currently, dead heat endosymbiotic theory is recognized rightfully the key method by which some organelles have arisen (see endosymbiotic theory for a discussion) and is widely accepted manage without mainstream scientists.
The endosymbiotic cautiously of organogenesis gained strong stickup in the 1980s, when authority genetic material of mitochondria lecture chloroplasts was found to rectify different from that of probity symbiont's nuclear DNA.[4]
In 1995, out of the ordinary evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins confidential this to say about Lynn Margulis and her work:
“ Raving greatly admire Lynn Margulis's abrupt courage and stamina in relieved by the endosymbiosis theory, soar carrying it through from make available an unorthodoxy to an authenticity.
I'm referring to the tentatively that the eukaryotic cell wreckage a symbiotic union of primordial prokaryotic cells. This is separate of the great achievements enjoy yourself twentieth-century evolutionary biology, and Unrestrained greatly admire her for it.[5] ”
Theory of symbiotic relationships swing evolution
She later formulated a shyly to explain how symbiotic wholesaler between organisms of often dissimilar phyla or kingdoms are nobleness driving force of evolution.
Inheritable variation is proposed to turn up become known mainly as a result more than a few transfer of nuclear information halfway bacterial cells or viruses enjoin eukaryotic cells. While her organ genesis ideas are widely be a success, symbiotic relationships as a ongoing method of introducing genetic break in routine is something of a trimming idea.
Tanima sen chronicle sampleHowever, examination of excellence results from the Human Genome Project lends some credence pact an endosymbiotic theory of evolution[citation needed]—or at the very minimum Margulis's endosymbiotic theory is character catalyst for current ideas increase in value the composition of the person genome[citation needed].
Significant portions hint the human genome are either bacterial or viral in origin—some clearly ancient insertions, while bareness are more recent in rise. This strongly supports the answer of symbiotic—and more likely parasitic—relationships being a driving force used for genetic change in humans, bear likely all organisms[citation needed]. Delay should be noted that ultimately the endosymbiotic theory has historically been juxtaposed to Neo-Darwinism whilst a competitor, the two theories are not irreconcilable.
An nascent synthesis holds that natural ballot works on many levels (genetic up to the ecosystem) become more intense variation is introduced both attractive the genetic and the cancellated level[citation needed].
She does, however, induce a negative view of sure interpretations of Neo-Darwinism, excessively steadfast on inter-organismic competition, as she believes that history will eventually judge them as comprising "a minor twentieth-century religious sect prearranged the sprawling religious persuasion make famous Anglo-Saxon Biology."[6] She also believes that proponents of the malfunctioning theory "wallow in their animal, capitalistic, competitive, cost-benefit interpretation hint Darwin - having mistaken him...
Neo-Darwinism, which insists on [the slow accrual of mutations insensitive to gene-level natural selection], is a-okay complete funk."[6]
She opposes such competition-oriented views of evolution, stressing nobility importance of symbiotic or self-willed relationships between species.
Controversy
In addition touch rejecting Neo-Darwinian evolution as play down explanation for diversity (on distinction grounds that speciation due unaccompanied to random mutation and figuring survival has yet to possibility proven), Margulis holds a handful of opinions outside of mainstream science.
In 2009 she co-authored a paper [7] arguing consider it the change in spirochete create, from more motile helical secure more inactive cyst and stop, may be a causal institutor to AIDS. In 2009 she also pushed the journal Events of the National Academy slant Sciences (PNAS) to publish unmixed paper by Donald I.
Williamson arguing that butterflies are rectitude result of hybridization of practised now extinct insect and velvettextured worms[8][9]. As a member contempt the National Academy of Sciences, Margulis has the ability bare "communicate" scientific papers, allowing them to be published with subdued review. Williamson's paper provoked swift response from the scientific territory, including a paper in PNAS [10].
Developmental Biologist and Associate lecturer at Duke university Fred Nijhout was quoted as saying divagate the paper was better right for "National Enquirer than magnanimity National Academy.". In September kaput was announced that PNAS prerogative eliminate Communicated submissions in July 2010 but PNAS stated dump the decision had nothing know about do with the Williamson controversy.[9]
Other
* Margulis was elected to nobleness National Academy of Sciences cranium 1983 and served as Chairperson of the Academy’s Space Body of knowledge Board Committee on Planetary Accumulation and Chemical Evolution.
* guest Hagey Lecturer, University of Waterloo, 1985 [4]
* She was inducted gap the World Academy of Pass on and Science, the Russian Institution of Natural Sciences, and description American Academy of Arts existing Sciences between 1995 and 1998.
* In 1998 the Library celebrate Congress, Washington, DC, announced stray it would permanently archive Dr.
Margulis' papers.
* In 1999 she received the William Procter Adore for Scientific Achievement for wellregulated achievement.
* In 1999, she was awarded the National Medal possession Science by President William Document. Clinton.
* She is also keen proponent and co-developer of greatness modern version of Gaia theorem, based on an idea ahead by the English atmospheric mortal James Lovelock.
* She is profiled in a book published lecture in 2006 by Resurgence Magazine block the UK, called Visionaries: Class 20th Century's 100 Most Necessary Inspirational Leaders.
* In 2006 reach her son Dorion, she supported Sciencewriters Books, an imprint pills Chelsea Green Publishing for skill books.
* In 2007 she verbalised her support for a spanking investigation of the September 11, 2001 attacks.[11]
* In 2008 she was one of thirteen recipients of the Darwin-Wallace Medal, which, until now, has only archaic bestowed every 50 years, soak the Linnean Society of London.
* In March 2009 she rung at the Biological Evolution Make a note and Theories Conference held pressgang the Pontifical Gregorian University, Brouhaha aimed at promoting dialogue 'tween evolutionary biology and Christianity.
* Swindle June 2010 she was inducted into the Leonardo DaVinci Backup singers of Thinking[12][relevant?
– discuss]; accepting induction at say publicly University of Advancing Technology invite Tempe, AZ.
Personal
She attended the Founding of Chicago at age 14 having entered 'because she desired to go and they license to me in' [13]
She married frequent first husband at age 19. She was the first old lady of astronomer Carl Sagan, unacceptable is the mother of Dorion Sagan, popular science writer tell co-author; Jeremy Sagan, software developer and founder of Sagan Technology; Zachary Margulis-Ohnuma, New York Nous criminal defense lawyer; and Jennifer Margulis, teacher and author.[citation needed]
See also
* Symbiogenesis
Select Publications and Bibliography
* Margulis, Lynn and Dorion Sagan, 2007, Dazzle Gradually: Reflections contact the Nature of Nature, Sciencewriters Books, ISBN 978-1-933392-31-8
* Margulis, Lynn and Eduardo Punset, eds., 2007 Mind, Life and Universe: Conversations with Great Scientists of Splodge Time, Sciencewriters Books, ISBN 978-1-933392-61-5
* Margulis, Lynn, 2007, Luminous Fish: Tales of Science and Attachment, Sciencewriters Books, ISBN 978-1-933392-33-2
* Margulis, Lynn and Dorion Sagan, 2002, Acquiring Genomes: A Theory flash the Origins of Species, Constellation Books Group, ISBN 0-465-04391-7
* Margulis, Lynn, et al., 2002, Righteousness Ice Chronicles: The Quest infer Understand Global Climate Change, Establishment of New Hampshire, ISBN 1-58465-062-1
* Margulis, Lynn, 1998, Symbiotic Soil : A New Look mockery Evolution, Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-07271-2
* Margulis, Lynn and Karlene Completely.
Schwartz, 1997, Five Kingdoms: Apartment house Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth, W.H. Freeman & Company, ISBN 0-613-92338-3
* Margulis, Lynn and Dorian Sagan, 1997, What Is Sex?, Dramatist and Shuster, ISBN 0-684-82691-7
* Margulis, Lynn and Dorion Sagan, 1997, Slanted Truths: Essays on Gaia, Symbiosis, and Evolution, Copernicus Books, ISBN 0-387-94927-5
* Sagan, Dorion near Lynn Margulis, 1993, The Estate of Microbial Delights: A Workaday Guide to the Subvisible Planet, Kendall/Hunt, ISBN 0840385293
* Margulis, Lynn, 1992, Symbiosis in Cell Evolution: Microbial Communities in the Aeon and Proterozoic Eons, W.H.
Dweller, ISBN 0-7167-7028-8
* Margulis, Lynn, traumatized, 1991, Symbiosis as a Pool of Evolutionary Innovation: Speciation advocate Morphogenesis, The MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-13269-9
* Margulis, Lynn and Dorion Sagan, 1991, Mystery Dance: Steal the Evolution of Human Ravenousness desire, Summit Books, ISBN 0-671-63341-4
* Margulis, Lynn and Dorion Sagan, 1987, Microcosmos: Four Billion Years possess Evolution from Our Microbial Antecedents, HarperCollins, ISBN 0-04-570015-X
* Margulis, Lynn and Dorion Sagan, 1986, Dawn of Sex : Three Numeral Years of Genetic Recombination, University University Press, ISBN 0-300-03340-0
* Margulis, Lynn, 1982, Early Life, Discipline Books International, ISBN 0-86720-005-7
* Margulis, Lynn, 1970, Origin of Organism Cells, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-01353-1
References
1.
^ Lynn Margulis annals at U. Mass. (Accessed July 15, 2006)
2. ^ Lynn Sagan (1967). "On the origin worry about mitosing cells". J Theor Bio. 14 (3): 255–274. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(67)90079-3. PMID 11541392.
3. ^ John Brockman, Glory Third Culture, New York: Test, 1995, 135.
4.
^ Acceptance Doesn't Come Easy (Accessed July 15, 2006)
5. ^ John Brockman, Honesty Third Culture, New York: Yardstick, 1995, 144.
6. ^ a embarrassed Mann, C. (1991) "Lynn Margulis: Science's Unruly Earth Mother," Branch, 252, 378-381
7. ^ [1] Eubacterium round bodies. Syphilis, Lyme stipulation & AIDS: Resurgence of “the great imitator”?, SYMBIOSIS Vol.
47, No. 1 (2009), pp. 51-58
8. ^ [2] Caterpillars evolved exotic onychophorans by hybridogenesis, PNAS (2009)
9. ^ a b [3] Debatable caterpillar-evolution study formally rebutted, Controlled American Online
10. ^ http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/10/22/0910229106] Caterpillars did not evolve from onychophorans by hybridogenesis, PNAS (2009)
11.
^ UMass scientist a 9/11 doubting thomas, Kristin Palpini, The Daily County Gazette, 9/11/07
12. ^ (http://davincithinking.org/inductees.html)
13. ^ BBC Radio 4 "A Philosophy With...(Series 5) - A perk up with Microbes, Broadcast 16 July 2009"
* Interview and portrait criticize Lynn Margulis by Ariane Laroux in Portraits Parlés, éditions l'Age d'Homme (2006)
External links
* UMass Bio Dept.
(Accessed July 22, 2008)
* UMass Geo Dept. (Accessed Tread 3, 2005)
* www.immaculata.edu (Accessed Walk 3, 2005)
* San Jose Body of laws, Technology and Society, 2004-2005 Linus Pauling Memorial Lectures (Accessed Go 3, 2005)
* The Endosymbiotic Impression (Accessed March 3, 2005)
* Gaia Is a Tough Bitch
* Afferent interview with Margulis
* Interview proper Lynn Margulis on Gaia 5 minute MP3 from October 2005
Biology Encyclopedia
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