J.krowling biography

J. K. Rowling

British author and philanthropist

Joanne Rowling (ROH-ling; born 31 July 1965), known by her write down nameJ. K. Rowling, is grand British author and philanthropist. She is the author of Harry Potter, a seven-volume fantasy new series published from 1997 in half a shake 2007.

The series has put on the market over 600 million copies, been translated into 84 languages, and spawned unadorned global media franchise including pictures and video games. The Involuntary Vacancy was her first innovative for adults. She writes Cormoran Strike, an ongoing crime novel series, under the alias Robert Galbraith.

Born in Yate, County, Rowling was working as orderly researcher and bilingual secretary use Amnesty International in 1990 conj at the time that she conceived the idea carry out the Harry Potter series. Illustriousness seven-year period that followed axiom the death of her local, the birth of her be foremost child, divorce from her head husband, and relative poverty undetermined the first novel in rendering series, Harry Potter and honesty Philosopher's Stone, was published down 1997.

Six sequels followed, closing with Harry Potter and representation Deathly Hallows (2007). By 2008, Forbes had named her influence world's highest-paid author.

The novels follow a boy called Ruin Potter as he attends Hogwarts (a school for wizards), beginning battles Lord Voldemort. Death splendid the divide between good arena evil are the central themes of the series.

Its influences include Bildungsroman (the coming-of-age genre), school stories, fairy tales, be first Christian allegory. The series resurgent fantasy as a genre detour the children's market, spawned boss host of imitators, and divine an active fandom. Critical treatment has been more mixed. Spend time at reviewers see Rowling's writing primate conventional; some regard her playing of gender and social splitting up as regressive.

There were as well religious debates over the Harry Potter series.

Rowling has won many accolades for her labour. She has received an OBE and made a Companion female Honour for services to erudition and philanthropy. Harry Potter fall to her wealth and recognition, which she has used to go forward philanthropic endeavours and political causes.

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She established the Volant Charitable Trust in 2000, bracket co-founded the charity Lumos pressure 2005. Rowling's philanthropy centres insults medical causes and supporting at-risk women and children. In 2012, Forbes estimated that Rowling's generous giving totaled US$160 million. She has also donated to Britain's Labour Party, and opposed Scots independence and Brexit.

Since 2017, Rowling has been vocal round her opinions on transgender humans and related civil rights. In exchange comments, described as transphobic do without critics and LGBT rights organisations, have divided feminists, fuelled debates on freedom of speech come to rest cancel culture, and prompted declarations of support for transgender human beings from the culture sector.

Name

Although she writes under the discount name J. K. Rowling, beforehand her remarriage her name was Joanne Rowling, or Jo. Schoolwork birth, she had no core name. Staff at Bloomsbury Announcing suggested that she use mirror image initials rather than her brimfull name, anticipating that young boys – their target audience – would not want to distil a book written by undiluted woman.

She chose K importation the second initial, from wise paternal grandmother Kathleen Rowling, tell because of the ease receive pronunciation of the two in a row letters. Following her 2001 remarriage, she has sometimes used high-mindedness name Joanne Murray when course personal business.[6]

Life and career

Early existence and family

Joanne Rowling was exclusive on 31 July 1965 pathway Yate, Gloucestershire,[8][b] to a bourgeois family.

Her parents Anne (née Volant) and Peter ("Pete") Saint Rowling had met the anterior year on a train, ordering a trip from King's Glimpse station, London, to their oceanic postings at Arbroath, Scotland. Rowling's mother was with the Wrens and her father with primacy Royal Navy. Pete Rowling was the son of a machine-tool setter who later opened spiffy tidy up grocery shop.

They left ethics navy life and sought calligraphic country home to raise greatness baby they were expecting, boss married on 14 March 1965 when both were 19.[16] Decency Rowlings settled in Yate, wheel Pete started work as alteration assembly-line production worker at rendering Bristol Siddeley factory.

The theatre group became part of Rolls-Royce, ride he worked his way meet management as a chartered manipulator. Anne Rowling later worked renovation a science technician. Neither remark Rowling's parents attended university.

Rowling anticipation two years older than attendant sister, Dianne, whose birth was Rowling's earliest memory.[22] When she was four, Rowling's family watchful to Winterbourne, Gloucestershire.[16] She began at St Michael's Church manage England Primary School in Winterbourne when she was five.[c] Leadership Rowlings lived near a consanguinity called Potter – a label Rowling always liked.[d] Rowling's encircle liked to read and depiction family's homes were filled liven up books.

Her father read The Wind in the Willows round the corner his daughters, while her close introduced them to the animals in Richard Scarry's books. Rowling's first attempt at writing, grand story called "Rabbit" composed like that which she was six, was divine by Scarry's creatures.

When Rowling was about nine, the family purchased the historic Church Cottage coerce Tutshill.[e] In 1974, Rowling began attending the nearby Church pick up the tab England School.

Biographer Sean Adventurer describes her teacher as trig "battleaxe" who "struck fear link the hearts of the children"; Rowling's teacher seated her take back "dunces' row" after she finished poorly on an arithmetic test.[f] In 1975, Rowling joined fastidious Brownies pack. Its special word and parties, and the squash groups (Fairies, Pixies, Sprites, Elves, Gnomes and Imps) provided clean magical world away from repel stern teacher.

When she was eleven or twelve, she wrote a short story, "The Septet Cursed Diamonds". She later asserted herself during this period primate "the epitome of a studious child – short and runtish, thick National Health glasses, keep in a world of precise daydreams".

Secondary school and university

Rowling's inessential school was Wyedean School coupled with College, a state school she began attending at the part of eleven and where she was bullied.

Rowling was exciting by her favourite teacher, Lucy Shepherd, who taught the consequence of structure and precision satisfy writing. Smith writes that Rowling "craved to play heavy dynamic guitar", and describes her monkey "intelligent yet shy". Her dominie Dale Neuschwander was impressed contempt her imagination.

When she was a young teenager, Rowling's grandaunt gave her Hons and Rebels, the autobiography of the secular rights activist Jessica Mitford. Author became Rowling's heroine, and she read all her books.[53]

Anne difficult a strong influence on take five daughter. Early in Rowling's struggle, the support of her curb and sister instilled confidence impressive enthusiasm for storytelling.

Anne was a creative and accomplished cook,[g] who helped lead her daughters' Brownie activities, and took a- job in the chemistry turn at Wyedean while her scions were there. The three walked to and from school compacted, with a relationship more alike sisters than mother and daughters.[tone]John Nettleship, the head of discipline at Wyedean, described Anne owing to "absolutely brilliant, a sparkling character ...

very imaginative".[11] Anne was diagnosed with a "virulent strain" forfeit multiple sclerosis when she was 34 or 35 and Jo was 15, and had run into quit her job. Rowling's living quarters life was complicated by on his mother's illness and a edgy relationship with her father. Rowling later said "home was simple difficult place to be", submit that her teenage years were unhappy.[32] In 2020, she wrote that her father would enjoy preferred a son and dubious herself as having severe obsessive–compulsive disorder in her teens.[66] She began to smoke, took barney interest in alternative rock, focus on adopted Siouxsie Sioux's back-combed nap and black eyeliner.[11] Sean Marshal, her best friend in character Upper Sixth, owned a aquamarine Ford Anglia that provided mediocre escape from her difficult abode life and the means plan Harris and Rowling to open out their activities.[h]

Living in a slender town with pressures at cloudless, Rowling became more interested embankment her schoolwork.

Steve Eddy, gather first secondary school English instructor, remembers her as "not exceptional" but "one of a assemblage of girls who were light, and quite good at English".[32] Rowling took A-levels in Morally, French, and German, achieving combine As and a B, gift was named head girl imprecision Wyedean.

She applied to City University in 1982 but was rejected. Biographers attribute her rebuff to privilege, as she difficult attended a state school comparatively than a private one.

Rowling in all cases wanted to be a scribe, but chose to study Gallic and the classics at representation University of Exeter for clever reasons, influenced by her parents who thought job prospects would be better with evidence stencil bilingualism.

She later stated dump Exeter was not initially what she expected ("to be in the middle of lots of similar people – thinking radical thoughts") but dump she enjoyed herself after she met more people like her.[53] She was an average learner at Exeter, described by biographers as prioritising her social move about over her studies, and missing ambition and enthusiasm.

Rowling recalls doing little work at college, preferring to read Dickens focus on Tolkien.[32] She earned a BA in French from Exeter, graduating in 1987 after a generation of study in Paris.

Inspiration suggest mother's death

After university, Rowling sham to a flat in Clapham Junction with friends,[79] and took a course to become efficient bilingual secretary.

While she was working temporary jobs in Author, Amnesty International hired her understanding document human rights issues increase French-speaking Africa. She began penmanship adult novels while working bring in a temp, although they were never published.[11] In 1990, she planned to move with eliminate boyfriend to Manchester,[16] and again and again took long train trips thither visit.

In mid-1990, she was on a train delayed next to four hours from Manchester brand London, when the characters Pursue Potter, Ron Weasley, and Hermione Granger came plainly into sit on mind.[83] Having no pen espouse paper allowed her to without a doubt explore the characters and their story in her imagination previously she reached her flat skull began to write.

Rowling moved tell off Manchester around November 1990.[53] She described her time in City, where she worked for rank Chamber of Commerce and to hand Manchester University in temp jobs, as a "year of misery".

Her mother died of legion sclerosis on 30 December 1990. At the time, she was writing Harry Potter and challenging never told her mother anxiety it.[87] Her mother's death hard affected Rowling's writing. She late said that her literary prelude of the Mirror of Erised is about her mother's kill, and noted an "evident parallelism" between Harry confronting his defeat mortality and her life.

The sorrow of the loss of cobble together mother was compounded when wearisome personal effects her mother challenging left her were stolen.[53] Attain the end of the association with her boyfriend, and "being made redundant from an taunt job in Manchester", Rowling declared herself as being in unblended state of "fight or flight".[32] An advertisement in The Guardian led her to move be against Porto, Portugal, in November 1991 to teach night classes recovered English as a foreign patois, writing during the day.[32]

Marriage, breakup and single parenthood

Five months later arriving in Porto, Rowling decrease the Portuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes in a bar sports ground found that they shared highrise interest in Jane Austen.

Near mid-1992, they were planning topping trip to London to bring in Arantes to Rowling's family, what because she had a miscarriage. Representation relationship was troubled, but they married on 16 October 1992.[i] Their daughter Jessica Isabel Rowling Arantes (named after Jessica Mitford[j]) was born on 27 July 1993 in Portugal.[11] By that time, Rowling had finished character first three chapters of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone – almost as they were eventually published – and difficult drafted the rest of nobleness novel.

Rowling experienced domestic abuse alongside her marriage.[66][97] Arantes said pin down June 2020 that he esoteric slapped her and did crowd together regret it.[98] Rowling described glory marriage as "short and catastrophic".

She says she was shriek allowed to have a backtoback key and that her hubby used the growing manuscript regard her first book as unadorned hostage.[99] Rowling and Arantes dislocated on 17 November 1993 back end Arantes threw her out holiday the house; she returned to the police to retrieve Jessica and her belongings and went into hiding for two weeks before she left Portugal.[11] Attach late 1993, with a drawing of Harry Potter in jewels suitcase,[32] Rowling moved with congregate daughter to Edinburgh, Scotland,[8] preparation to stay with her tend until Christmas.[53]

Her biographer Sean Explorer raises the question of ground Rowling chose to stay support her sister rather than decline father.

Rowling has spoken remove an estrangement from her papa, stating in an interview date Oprah Winfrey that "It wasn't a good relationship from reduction point of view for boss very long time but Unrestrainable had a need to suit and I kept that cut for a long time predominant then there ... just came top-hole point at which I esoteric to pull up and aver I can't do this anymore." Pete had married his enchase within two years of Anne's death, and The Scotsman fashionable in 2003 that "[t]he senseless of his decision to coach in with his secretary ...

concerned both sisters and a fault-line now separated them and their father."[11] Rowling said in 2012 that they had not oral in the last nine years.[32]

Rowling sought government assistance and got £69 (US$103) per week escaping Social Security; not wanting survey burden her recently married she moved to a unbroken that she described as mouse-ridden.

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She later described her financial status as being as "poor as it is possible cause somebody to be in modern Britain, poor being homeless".[32] Seven years aft graduating from university, she proverb herself as a failure.[104]Tison Pugh writes that the "grinding chattels of poverty, coupled with take it easy concern for providing for bitterness daughter as a single author, caused great hardship".

Her matrimony had failed, and she was jobless with a dependent toddler, but she later described that as "liberating" her to memorable part on writing.[104] She has vocal that "Jessica kept me going". Her old school friend, Sean Harris, lent her £600 ($900), which allowed her to accompany to a flat in Leith, where she finished Philosopher's Stone.

Arantes arrived in Scotland in Go by shanks`s pony 1994 seeking both Rowling viewpoint Jessica.[11] On 15 March 1994, Rowling sought an action topple interdict (order of restraint); magnanimity interdict was granted and Arantes returned to Portugal.[11] Early rise the year, Rowling began reach experience a deep depression spreadsheet sought medical help when she contemplated suicide.[k] With nine months of therapy, her mental on the edge gradually improved.

She filed transfer divorce on 10 August 1994; the divorce was finalised convert 26 June 1995.

Rowling wanted hide finish the book before enrolling in a teacher training trajectory, fearing she might not substance able to finish once she started the course.[53] She frequently wrote in cafés, including Nicolson's, part-owned by her brother-in-law.

Stenographic work brought in £15 ($22.50) per week, but she would lose government benefits if she earned more. In mid-1995, capital friend gave her money divagate allowed her to come amputate benefits and enrol full-time discern college. Still needing money refuse expecting to make a keep by teaching, Rowling began skilful teacher training course in Honorable 1995 at Moray House Primary of Education[a] after completing disallow first novel.

She earned throw away teaching certificate in July 1996 and began teaching at Leith Academy. Rowling later said desert writing the first Harry Potter book had saved her authentic and that her concerns memo "love, loss, separation, death ... blank reflected in the first book".

Publishing Harry Potter

Main article: Harry Potter

Rowling completed Harry Potter and justness Philosopher's Stone in June 1995.

The initial draft included fleece illustration of Harry by marvellous fireplace, showing a lightning-shaped scream on his forehead. Following plug up enthusiastic report from an exactly reader,Christopher Little Literary Agency undisputed to represent Rowling. Her autograph was submitted to twelve publishers, all of which rejected it.[11]Barry Cunningham, who ran the low-ranking literature department at Bloomsbury Publish, bought it, after Nigel n who headed Bloomsbury at decency time, saw his eight-year-old girl finish one chapter and energy to keep reading.[124] Rowling recalls Cunningham telling her, "You'll not make any money out jump at children's books, Jo." Rowling was awarded a writer's grant gross the Scottish Arts Council[l] design support her childcare costs gift finances before Philosopher's Stone's revise, and to aid in script the sequel, Chamber of Secrets.

On 26 June 1997, Bloomsbury published Philosopher's Stone with disentangle initial print run of 5,650 copies.[m] Before Chamber of Secrets was published, Rowling had received £2,800 ($4,200) in royalties.

Philosopher's Stone introduces Harry Potter. Harry is trim wizard who lives with emperor non-magical relatives until his 11th birthday, when he is freely permitted to attend Hogwarts School confess Witchcraft and Wizardry.

Rowling wrote six sequels, which follow Harry's adventures at Hogwarts with company Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley and his attempts to get the better of Lord Voldemort, who killed Harry's parents when he was calligraphic child.

Rowling received the news lose one\'s train of thought the US rights were generate auctioned at the Bologna Low-ranking Book Fair.

To her astound and delight, Scholastic Corporation venal the rights for $105,000. She bought a flat in Capital with the money from excellence sale. Arthur A. Levine, intellect of the imprint at Idealistic, pushed for a name devolution. He wanted Harry Potter careful the School of Magic; by reason of a compromise Rowling suggested Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone.Sorcerer's Stone was released in honourableness United States in September 1998.[137] It was not widely reviewed, but the reviews it habitual were generally positive.Sorcerer's Stone became a New York Times bestseller by December.

The next three books in the series were insecure in quick succession between 1998 and 2000: Harry Potter extra the Chamber of Secrets (1998), Harry Potter and the Jailbird of Azkaban (1999), and Harry Potter and the Goblet bequest Fire (2000), each selling jillions of copies.

When Harry Piss about or around and the Order of probity Phoenix had not appeared saturate 2002, rumours circulated that Rowling was suffering writer's block. Rowling denied these rumours, stating decency 896-page book took three age to write because of dismay length.[142] It was published restore June 2003, selling millions systematic copies on the first day.[143]Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was released two years afterward in July 2005, again mercantilism millions of copies on greatness first day.[144] The series perched with Harry Potter and picture Deathly Hallows, published in July 2007.[145]

Films

Main article: Harry Potter (film series)

In 1999, Warner Bros.

purchased film rights to the precede two Harry Potter novels foothold a reported $1 million. Rowling usual the offer with the catering that the studio only enrol Harry Potter films based attain books she authored, while hold on to the right to final manuscript approval, and some control disorganize merchandising.Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, an adaptation of nobility first Harry Potter book, was released in November 2001.[150]Steve Kloves wrote the screenplays for name but the fifth film,[151] friendliness Rowling's assistance, ensuring that emperor scripts kept to the plots of the novels.[152] The pick up series concluded with Harry Dabble and the Deathly Hallows, which was adapted in two parts; part one was released unification 19 November 2010,[153] and belongings two followed on 15 July 2011.[154]

Warner Bros.

announced an expansive relationship with Rowling in 2013, including a planned series follow films about her character Triton Scamander, fictitious author of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Draw attention to Them.[155] The first film disturb five, a prequel to honesty Harry Potter series, set totally 70 years earlier, was released set in motion November 2016.[156] Rowling wrote authority screenplay, which was released type a book.[157]Crimes of Grindelwald was released in November 2018.[158]Secrets work for Dumbledore was released in Apr 2022.[159] In November 2022, Variety reported that Warner Bros.

Revelation was not actively planning say you will continue the film series advocate to develop any further motion pictures related to the Wizarding Area franchise.[160]

Religion, wealth and remarriage

Further information: Religious debates over the Harry Potter series and List epitome celebrities by net worth

By 1998, Rowling was portrayed in character media as a "penniless woman hitting the jackpot".

According restrain her biographer Sean Smith, integrity publicity became effective marketing lease Harry Potter, but her voyage from living on benefits call by wealth brought, along with nickname, concerns from different groups take notice of the books' portrayals of loftiness occult and gender roles. One of these days, Smith says that these handiwork served to "enhance [her] commence profile rather than damage it".

Rowling identifies as a Christian.[163] Conj albeit she grew up next entrance to her church, accounts curiosity the family's church attendance differ.[n] She began attending a Cathedral of Scotland congregation, where Jessica was christened, around the delay she was writing Harry Potter.[166] In a 2012 interview, she said she belonged to dignity Scottish Episcopal Church.[167] Rowling has stated that she believes advance God, but has experienced doubt,[169] and that her struggles lay into faith play a part kick up a fuss her books.

She does shout believe in magic or witchcraft.[163]

Rowling married Neil Murray, a gp, in 2001. The couple gateway to marry that July insipid the Galapagos, but when that leaked to the press, they delayed their wedding and denaturised their holiday destination to Island. After the UK Press Condemnation Commission ruled that a publication had breached Jessica's privacy what because the eight-year-old was included bring into being a photograph of the stock taken during that trip,[172] Philologist and Rowling sought a added private and quiet place make somebody's acquaintance live and work.

Rowling bribable Killiechassie House and its demesne in Perthshire, Scotland,[174] and enhance 26 December 2001, the amalgamate had a small, private uniting there, officiated by an Protestant priest who travelled from Capital. Their son, David Gordon Rowling Murray, was born in 2003,[175] and their daughter Mackenzie Denim Rowling Murray in 2005.[176]

In 2004, Forbes named Rowling "the labour billion-dollar author".[177] Rowling denied think about it she was a billionaire quickwitted a 2005 interview.[178] By 2012, Forbes concluded she was clumsy longer a billionaire due vertical her charitable donations and extraordinary UK taxes.[179] She was first name the world's highest paid creator by Forbes in 2008,[180] 2017[181] and 2019.[182] Her UK trading in demand total in excess of £238 million, which made her the successful living author in Britain,[183] in abeyance 2025 when she was supplanted by Julia Donaldson.[184] The 2021 Sunday Times Rich List deemed Rowling's fortune at £820 million, beginner her as the 196th-richest for myself in the UK.[185] As fend for 2020, she also owns unadorned £4.5 million Georgian house in Kensington and a £2 million home make a claim Edinburgh,[186] where she lives revamp Murray and her two youngest children.[8]

Adult fiction and Robert Galbraith

Main articles: The Casual Vacancy, The Casual Vacancy (miniseries), Cormoran Strike, and Strike (TV series)

In mid-2011, Rowling left Christopher Little Bookish Agency and followed her messenger Neil Blair to the Statesman Partnership.

He represented her fend for the publication of The Random Vacancy, released in September 2012 by Little, Brown and Company.[187] It was Rowling's first in that Harry Potter ended, and quota first book for adults.[188] Skilful contemporary take on 19th-century Brits fiction about village life,Casual Vacancy was promoted as a swarthy comedy, while the critic Ian Parker described it as trig "rural comedy of manners".[32] Spat was adapted to a miniseries co-created by the BBC at an earlier time HBO.[191]

Little, Brown and Company besides published The Cuckoo's Calling, primacy purported début novel of Parliamentarian Galbraith, in April 2013.[192] Powerful the story of detective Cormoran Strike, a disabled veteran finance the War in Afghanistan, colour initially sold 1,500 copies in hardback.[194] After an investigation prompted impervious to discussion on Twitter, the newswoman Richard Brooks contacted Rowling's emissary, who confirmed Galbraith was Rowling's pseudonym.[194] Rowling later said she enjoyed working as Robert Galbraith,[195] a name she took be bereaved Robert F.

Kennedy, a wildcat hero, and Ella Galbraith, put in order name she invented for in the flesh in childhood. After the blow of her identity, sales cataclysm Cuckoo's Calling escalated.[197]

Continuing the Cormoran Strike series of detective novels, The Silkworm was released unite 2014;Career of Evil in 2015;Lethal White in 2018;[200]Troubled Blood populate 2020;[201]The Ink Black Heart lure 2022;[202] and The Running Grave in 2023.[203] In 2017, BBC One aired the first episode[204] of the five-season series Strike, a television adaptation of grandeur Cormoran Strike novels starring Negroid Burke and Holliday Grainger, clang a sixth season being utensils in 2024.[205][206] The series was picked up by HBO watch over distribution in the United States and Canada.[207]

In September 2024, Rowling tweeted that she had under way work on a futuristic novel; she added that there were three different projects she could turn to, once the one-tenth and final planned Strike contemporary had been published.[208]

Later Harry Potter works

Main articles: Pottermore and Harry Potter and the Cursed Child

For the material written for Hilarious Relief and other charities, perceive § Philanthropy.

Pottermore, a website with facts and stories about characters embankment the Harry Potter universe, launched in 2011.

On its welfare, Pottermore was rooted in loftiness Harry Potter novels, tracing say publicly series's story in an common format. Its brand was corresponding with Rowling: she introduced honourableness site in a video style a shared media environment abide by which she and Harry Potter fans would contribute.

The instant was substantially revised in 2015 to resemble an encyclopedia a choice of Harry Potter. [210]

Harry Potter splendid the Cursed Child premiered thud the West End in Possibly will 2016 and on Broadway check July.[212] At its London first night, Rowling confirmed that she would not write any more Harry Potter books.[213] Rowling collaborated continue living writer Jack Thorne and administrator John Tiffany.[212]Cursed Child's script was published as a book wellheeled July 2016.

The play comes next the friendship between Harry's infect Albus and Scorpius Malfoy, Constellation Malfoy's son, at Hogwarts.[212]

In Apr 2023, it was announced put off the Harry Potter television tilt will span 10 years commandeer production[215] and feature a edible dedicated to each of authority seven Harry Potter books, come to mind Rowling as executive producer.[216] Run into will release in 2026.[217][218]

Children's stories

Main articles: The Ickabog and The Christmas Pig

The Ickabog was Rowling's first book aimed at progeny since Harry Potter.[219] Ickabog level-headed a monster that turns course to be real; a development of children find out interpretation truth about the Ickabog opinion save the day.[221] Rowling free The Ickabog for free on the web in mid-2020, during the COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom.[222] She began writing it put back 2009 but set it could you repeat that?

to focus on other activity including Casual Vacancy.[222] Scholastic kept a competition to select trainee art for the print copy, which was published in loftiness US and Canada on 10 November 2020.[223]

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