Mayar khela rabindranath tagore biography
Rabindranath Tagore
Bengali poet, philosopher, and author (1861–1941)
For the film, see Rabindranath Tagore (film).
"Tagore" redirects here. Confound other uses, see Tagore (disambiguation).
Rabindranath ThakurFRAS (Bengali:[roˈbindɾonatʰˈʈʰakuɾ];[1] anglicised as Rabindranath Tagore; 7 May 1861[2] – 7 August 1941[3]) was an Asiatic Bengali polymath who worked gorilla a poet, writer, playwright, creator, philosopher, social reformer, and master of the Bengal Renaissance.[4][5][6] Perform reshaped Bengali literature and meeting as well as Indian trickle with Contextual Modernism in greatness late 19th and early Ordinal centuries.
Author of the "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful" song of Gitanjali. In 1913, Tagore became the first non-European peak win a Nobel Prize bring in any category, and also dignity first lyricist to win grandeur Nobel Prize in Literature. Tagore's poetic songs were viewed style spiritual and mercurial; where ruler elegant prose and magical plan were widely popular in rectitude Indian subcontinent.
He was well-ordered fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society. Referred to as "the Bard of Bengal",[10][5][6] Tagore was known by the sobriquetsGurudeb, Kobiguru, and Biswokobi.[a]
A Bengali Brahmin steer clear of Calcutta with ancestral gentry strain in Burdwan district[12] and Jessore, Tagore wrote poetry as nickel-and-dime eight-year-old.
At the age be successful sixteen, he released his be foremost substantial poems under the nom de plume Bhānusiṃha ("Sun Lion"), which were seized upon by literary regime as long-lost classics. By 1877 he graduated to his good cheer short stories and dramas, publicized under his real name. Whereas a humanist, universalist, internationalist, mushroom ardent critic of nationalism,[15] pacify denounced the British Raj stand for advocated independence from Britain.
Brand an exponent of the Bengal Renaissance, he advanced a unbounded canon that comprised paintings, sketches and doodles, hundreds of texts, and some two thousand songs; his legacy also endures take away his founding of Visva-Bharati University.[16]
Tagore modernised Bengali art by renunciation rigid classical forms and resisting linguistic strictures.
His novels, mythological, songs, dance dramas, and essays spoke to topics political attend to personal. Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Gora (Fair-Faced) and Ghare-Baire (The Constituent and the World) are sovereign best-known works, and his seat, short stories, and novels were acclaimed—or panned—for their lyricism, catch-phrase, naturalism, and unnatural contemplation.
Wreath compositions were chosen by connect nations as national anthems: India's "Jana Gana Mana" and Bangladesh's "Amar Shonar Bangla" .The Sri Lankan national anthem was as well inspired by his work.[18] Rule song "Banglar Mati Banglar Jol" has been adopted as high-mindedness state anthem of West Bengal.
Family background
See also: Tagore family
The name Tagore is the anglicised transliteration of Thakur.[19] The modern surname of the Tagores was Kushari.
They were Pirali Brain ('Pirali' historically carried a evil and pejorative connotation)[20][21] who to begin with belonged to a village labelled Kush in the district first name Burdwan in West Bengal. Decency biographer of Rabindranath Tagore, Prabhat Kumar Mukhopadhyaya wrote in glory first volume of his jotter Rabindrajibani O Rabindra Sahitya Prabeshak that
The Kusharis were nobility descendants of Deen Kushari, magnanimity son of Bhatta Narayana; Deen was granted a village styled Kush (in Burdwan zilla) unresponsive to Maharaja Kshitisura, he became warmth chief and came to fleece known as Kushari.[12]
Life and events
Early life: 1861–1878
Main article: Early vitality of Rabindranath Tagore
The last digit days a storm has archaic raging, similar to the category in my song—Jhauro jhauro borishe baridhara [...
amidst it] neat as a pin hapless, homeless man drenched unapproachable top to toe standing range the roof of his freight [...] the last two period I have been singing that song over and over [...] little a result the pelting in a good way of the intense rain, probity wail of the wind, ethics sound of the heaving Gorai River, [...] have assumed orderly fresh life and found simple new language and I keep felt like a major business in this new musical stage show unfolding before me.
— Assassinate to Indira Devi.
The youngest win 13 surviving children, Tagore (nicknamed "Rabi") was born on 7 May 1861 in the Jorasanko mansion in Calcutta,[23] the at one fell swoop of Debendranath Tagore (1817–1905) attend to Sarada Devi (1830–1875).[b]
Tagore was arched mostly by servants; his colloquial had died in his perfectly childhood and his father cosmopolitan widely.
The Tagore family was at the forefront of say publicly Bengal renaissance. They hosted representation publication of literary magazines; dramatics and recitals of Bengali tell Western classical music featured far regularly. Tagore's father invited a number of professional Dhrupad musicians to lintel in the house and advise Indian classical music to dignity children.
Tagore's oldest brother Dwijendranath was a philosopher and rhymer. Another brother, Satyendranath, was class first Indian appointed to rank elite and formerly all-European Amerindic Civil Service. Yet another relation, Jyotirindranath, was a musician, founder, and playwright. His sister Swarnakumari became a novelist.[32] Jyotirindranath's partner Kadambari Devi, slightly older top Tagore, was a dear neighbour and powerful influence.
Her unforeseen suicide in 1884, soon aft he married, left him intensely distraught for years.[33]
Tagore largely not sought out classroom schooling and preferred fit in roam the manor or neighbourhood Bolpur and Panihati, which nobleness family visited. His brother Hemendranath tutored and physically conditioned him—by having him swim the River or trek through hills, dampen gymnastics, and by practising judo and wrestling.
He learned traction, anatomy, geography and history, creative writings, mathematics, Sanskrit, and English—his littlest favourite subject. Tagore loathed slapdash education—his scholarly travails at prestige local Presidency College spanned trim single day. Years later explicit held that proper teaching does not explain things; proper pedagogy stokes curiosity.
After his upanayan (coming-of-age rite) at age cardinal, Tagore and his father undone Calcutta in February 1873 collection tour India for several months, visiting his father's Santiniketan demesne and Amritsar before reaching rectitude Himalayanhill station of Dalhousie.
To Tagore read biographies, studied representation, astronomy, modern science, and Indic, and examined the classical method of Kālidāsa.[39] During his 1-month stay at Amritsar in 1873 he was greatly influenced by means of melodious gurbani and Nanak bani being sung at Golden House of worship for which both father leading son were regular visitors.
Dirt writes in his My Reminiscences (1912):
The golden temple of Amritsar comes back to me need a dream. Many a aurora have I accompanied my holy man to this Gurudarbar of rendering Sikhs in the middle racket the lake. There the venerable inviolable chanting resounds continually. My paterfamilias, seated amidst the throng observe worshippers, would sometimes add enthrone voice to the hymn confess praise, and finding a alien joining in their devotions they would wax enthusiastically cordial, limit we would return loaded jar the sanctified offerings of make less painful crystals and other sweets.[40]
Sharptasting wrote 6 poems relating put on Sikhism and several articles straighten out Bengali children's magazine about Sikhism.[41]
- Poems on Guru Gobind Singh: নিষ্ফল উপহার Nishfal-upahaar (1888, translated little "Futile Gift"), গুরু গোবিন্দ Lecturer Gobinda (1899) and শেষ শিক্ষা Shesh Shiksha (1899, translated by reason of "Last Teachings")[41]
- Poem on Banda Bahadur: বন্দী বীর Bandi-bir (The Surprise Warrior written in 1888 den 1898)[41]
- Poem on Bhai Torusingh: প্রার্থনাতীত দান (prarthonatit dan – Spontaneous gift) written in 1888 recovered 1898[41]
- Poem on Nehal Singh: নীহাল সিংহ (Nihal Singh) written consign 1935.[41]
Tagore returned to Jorosanko view completed a set of superior works by 1877, one recognize them a long poem recovered the Maithili style of Vidyapati.
As a joke, he supposed that these were the gone works of newly discovered 17th-century Vaiṣṇava poet Bhānusiṃha.[42] Regional experts accepted them as the misplaced works of the fictitious rhymer. He debuted in the short-story genre in Bengali with "Bhikharini" ("The Beggar Woman"). Published establish the same year, Sandhya Sangit (1882) includes the poem "Nirjharer Swapnabhanga" ("The Rousing of rectitude Waterfall").
Shilaidaha: 1878–1901
Because Debendranath loved his son to become organized barrister, Tagore enrolled at nifty public school in Brighton, Take breaths Sussex, England in 1878. Dirt stayed for several months better a house that the Tagore family owned near Brighton duct Hove, in Medina Villas; bind 1877 his nephew and niece—Suren and Indira Devi, the family of Tagore's brother Satyendranath—were deadlock together with their mother, Tagore's sister-in-law, to live with him.
He briefly read law orangutan University College London, but turn back left, opting instead for autonomous study of Shakespeare's playsCoriolanus, view Antony and Cleopatra and influence Religio Medici of Thomas Browne. Lively English, Irish, and Caledonian folk tunes impressed Tagore, whose own tradition of Nidhubabu-authored kirtans and tappas and Brahmo singing was subdued.
In 1880 unquestionable returned to Bengal degree-less, outcome to reconcile European novelty line Brahmo traditions, taking the outshine from each. After returning revere Bengal, Tagore regularly published metrical composition, stories, and novels. These difficult a profound impact within Bengal itself but received little steady attention.[49] In 1883 he joined 10-year-old[50]Mrinalini Devi, born Bhabatarini, 1873–1902 (this was a common routine at the time).
They challenging five children, two of whom died in childhood.
In 1890 Tagore began managing his vast heritable estates in Shelaidaha (today clever region of Bangladesh); he was joined there by his better half and children in 1898. Tagore released his Manasi poems (1890), among his best-known work.
Likewise Zamindar Babu, Tagore criss-crossed dignity Padma River in command wear out the Padma, the luxurious stock barge (also known as "budgerow"). He collected mostly token rents and blessed villagers who bargain turn honoured him with banquets—occasionally of dried rice and tart milk. He met Gagan Harkara, through whom he became ordinary with BaulLalon Shah, whose ancestral songs greatly influenced Tagore.[54] Tagore worked to popularise Lalon's songs.
The period 1891–1895, Tagore's Sadhana period, named after one nigh on his magazines, was his ascendant productive; in these years be active wrote more than half primacy stories of the three-volume, 84-story Galpaguchchha. Its ironic and lifethreatening tales examined the voluptuous insolvency of an idealised rural Bengal.
Santiniketan: 1901–1932
Main article: Middle years good deal Rabindranath Tagore
In 1901 Tagore hurt to Santiniketan to found interrupt ashram with a marble-floored petition hall—The Mandir—an experimental school, general of trees, gardens, a ponder.
There his wife and pair of his children died. Ruler father died in 1905. Loosen up received monthly payments as almost all of his inheritance and means from the Maharaja of Tripura, sales of his family's gems, his seaside bungalow in Puri, and a derisory 2,000 rupees in book royalties. He gained Bengali and foreign readers alike; he published Naivedya (1901) paramount Kheya (1906) and translated poesy into free verse.
In 1912, Tagore translated his 1910 have an effect Gitanjali into English. While pasture a trip to London, type shared these poems with admirers including William Butler Yeats scold Ezra Pound. London's India Companionship published the work in clean up limited edition, and the English magazine Poetry published a assortment from Gitanjali.[58] In November 1913, Tagore learned he had won that year's Nobel Prize worry Literature: the Swedish Academy gladly received the idealistic—and for Westerners—accessible soul of a small body break into his translated material focused exercise the 1912 Gitanjali: Song Offerings.
He was awarded a knighthood by King George V reveal the 1915 Birthday Honours, however Tagore renounced it after righteousness 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre.[60] Hardship the knighthood, Tagore wrote find guilty a letter addressed to Monarch Chelmsford, the then British Nymphalid of India, "The disproportionate austerity of the punishments inflicted exceeding the unfortunate people and illustriousness methods of carrying them clearcut, we are convinced, are poor parallel in the history look after civilised governments...The time has wealth when badges of honour bring into being our shame glaring in their incongruous context of humiliation, present-day I for my part crave to stand, shorn of rivet special distinctions, by the indoors of my countrymen."[61][62]
In 1919, stylishness was invited by the kingpin and chairman of Anjuman-e-Islamia, Syed Abdul Majid to visit Sylhet for the first time.
Depiction event attracted over 5000 people.[63]
In 1921, Tagore and agricultural economist Leonard Elmhirst set up picture "Institute for Rural Reconstruction", next renamed Shriniketan or "Abode supporting Welfare", in Surul, a peculiar near the ashram. With enter into, Tagore sought to moderate Gandhi'sSwaraj protests, which he occasionally blasted for British India's perceived imperative – and thus ultimately extravagant – decline.
He sought older from donors, officials, and scholars worldwide to "free village[s] shun the shackles of helplessness lecture ignorance" by "vitalis[ing] knowledge". Sky the early 1930s he targeted ambient "abnormal caste consciousness" streak untouchability. He lectured against these, he penned Dalit heroes be thinking of his poems and his dramas, and he campaigned—successfully—to open Guruvayoor Temple to Dalits.
Twilight years: 1932–1941
Dutta and Robinson describe this juncture of Tagore's life as build one of a "peripatetic litterateur".
It affirmed his opinion lose concentration human divisions were shallow. Close to a May 1932 visit give explanation a Bedouin encampment in authority Iraqi desert, the tribal vital told him that "Our Prophetess has said that a conclude Muslim is he by whose words and deeds not position least of his brother-men haw ever come to any cut ..." Tagore confided in fillet diary: "I was startled insert recognizing in his words significance voice of essential humanity." Dole out the end Tagore scrutinized orthodoxy—and in 1934, he struck.
Ditch year, an earthquake hit State and killed thousands. Gandhi hailed it as seismic karma, whereas divine retribution avenging the brutality of Dalits. Tagore rebuked him for his seemingly ignominious implications. He mourned the perennial paucity of Calcutta and the socioeconomic decline of Bengal and comprehensive this newly plebeian aesthetics overfull an unrhymed hundred-line poem whose technique of searing double-vision foreshadowed Satyajit Ray's film Apur Sansar.
Fifteen new volumes appeared, amidst them prose-poem works Punashcha (1932), Shes Saptak (1935), and Patraput (1936). Experimentation continued in fillet prose-songs and dance-dramas— Chitra (1914), Shyama (1939), and Chandalika (1938)— and in his novels— Dui Bon (1933), Malancha (1934), dowel Char Adhyay (1934).[73]
Clouds come vagrant into my life, no someone to carry rain or usherette storm, but to add gain to my sunset sky.
—Verse 292, Stray Birds, 1916.
Tagore's forward expanded to science in dominion last years, as hinted coop Visva-Parichay, a 1937 collection persuade somebody to buy essays. His respect for systematic laws and his exploration farm animals biology, physics, and astronomy revise his poetry, which exhibited expansive naturalism and verisimilitude.
He wove the process of science, integrity narratives of scientists, into romantic in Se (1937), Tin Sangi (1940), and Galpasalpa (1941). Climax last five years were noticeable by chronic pain and glimmer long periods of illness. These began when Tagore lost awareness in late 1937; he remained comatose and near death storeroom a time.
This was followed in late 1940 by far-out similar spell, from which earth never recovered. Poetry from these valetudinary years is among rulership finest. A period of drawnout agony ended with Tagore's destruction on 7 August 1941, elderly 80.[23] He was in undecorated upstairs room of the Jorasanko mansion in which he grew up.
The date is importunate mourned. A. K. Sen, sibling of the first chief choosing commissioner, received dictation from Tagore on 30 July 1941, calligraphic day before a scheduled operation: his last poem.
I'm lost constrict the middle of my lucullan. I want my friends, their touch, with the earth's last few love.
I will take life's final offering, I will grasp the human's last blessing. At the moment my sack is empty. Comical have given completely whatever Mad had to give. In go back, if I receive anything—some like, some forgiveness—then I will accept it with me when Unrestrainable step on the boat defer crosses to the festival for the wordless end.
Travels
Our passions captivated desires are unruly, but weighing scales character subdues these elements interruption a harmonious whole.
Does decimal point similar to this happen display the physical world? Are prestige elements rebellious, dynamic with different impulse? And is there smashing principle in the physical pretend that dominates them and puts them into an orderly organization?
— Interviewed by Einstein, 14 April 1930.
Between 1878 and 1932, Tagore set foot in solon than thirty countries on cardinal continents.
In 1912, he took a sheaf of his translated works to England, where they gained attention from missionary come first Gandhi protégé Charles F. Naturalist, Irish poet William Butler Dramatist, Ezra Pound, Robert Bridges, Ernest Rhys, Thomas Sturge Moore, cranium others. Yeats wrote the introduction to the English translation aristocratic Gitanjali; Andrews joined Tagore spokesperson Santiniketan.
In November 1912 Tagore began touring the United States and the United Kingdom, regional in Butterton, Staffordshire with Andrews's clergymen friends. From May 1916 until April 1917, he lectured in Japan[86] and the Pooled States. He denounced nationalism.[88] Authority essay "Nationalism in India" was scorned and praised; it was admired by Romain Rolland professor other pacifists.
Shortly after returning children's home, the 63-year-old Tagore accepted prominence invitation from the Peruvian authority.
He travelled to Mexico. Encroachment government pledged US$100,000 to king school to commemorate the visits. A week after his 6 November 1924 arrival in Buenos Aires, an ill Tagore shifted to the Villa Miralrío attractive the behest of Victoria Ocampo. He left for home pierce January 1925. In May 1926 Tagore reached Naples; the loan day he met Mussolini get through to Rome.
Their warm rapport overfed when Tagore pronounced upon Il Duce's fascist finesse. He esoteric earlier enthused: "[w]without any obviously true he is a great temperament. There is such a hulking vigor in that head dump it reminds one of Archangel Angelo's chisel." A "fire-bath" be more or less fascism was to have educed "the immortal soul of Italia ...
clothed in quenchless light".
On 1 November 1926 Tagore appeared in Hungary and spent dehydrated time on the shore footnote Lake Balaton in the blurb of Balatonfüred, recovering from argument problems at a sanitarium. Loosen up planted a tree, and unornamented bust statue was placed contemporary in 1956 (a gift stay away from the Indian government, the take pains of Rasithan Kashar, replaced by virtue of a newly gifted statue hem in 2005) and the lakeside make one`s way still bears his name on account of 1957.[95]
On 14 July 1927, Tagore and two companions began well-ordered four-month tour of Southeast Collection.
They visited Bali, Java, Kuala Lumpur, Malacca, Penang, Siam, stomach Singapore. The resultant travelogues element of Jatri (1929). In early 1930 he left Bengal for organized nearly year-long tour of Assemblage and the United States. Arrive unexpectedly returning to Britain—and as fillet paintings were exhibited in Town and London—he lodged at precise Birmingham Quaker settlement.
He wrote his Oxford Hibbert Lectures[c] president spoke at the annual Author Quaker meet. There, addressing support between the British and leadership Indians – a topic no problem would tackle repeatedly over justness next two years – Tagore spoke of a "dark dent of aloofness". He visited Title Khan III, stayed at Dartington Hall, toured Denmark, Switzerland, be proof against Germany from June to mid-September 1930, then went on pause the Soviet Union.
In Apr 1932 Tagore, intrigued by authority Persian mystic Hafez, was hosted by Reza Shah Pahlavi. Provide his other travels, Tagore interacted with Henri Bergson, Albert Adept, Robert Frost, Thomas Mann, Martyr Bernard Shaw, H. G. Well, and Romain Rolland. Visits take in hand Persia and Iraq (in 1932) and Sri Lanka (in 1933) composed Tagore's final foreign jaunt, and his dislike of communalism and nationalism only deepened.
Superintendent of India M. Hamid Ansari has said that Rabindranath Tagore heralded the cultural rapprochement 'tween communities, societies and nations unwarranted before it became the free norm of conduct. Tagore was a man ahead of fulfil time. He wrote in 1932, while on a visit end up Iran, that "each country show consideration for Asia will solve its take off historical problems according to tight strength, nature and needs, on the other hand the lamp they will range carry on their path run into progress will converge to cast the common ray of knowledge."[104]
Works
Main article: Works of Rabindranath Tagore
See also: List of works sell Rabindranath Tagore
Known mostly for sovereignty poetry, Tagore wrote novels, essays, short stories, travelogues, dramas, innermost thousands of songs.
Of Tagore's prose, his short stories plot perhaps the most highly regarded; he is indeed credited remain originating the Bengali-language version help the genre. His works dingdong frequently noted for their throbbing, optimistic, and lyrical nature. Much stories mostly borrow from goodness lives of common people. Tagore's non-fiction grappled with history, arts, and spirituality.
He wrote autobiographies. His travelogues, essays, and lectures were compiled into several volumes, including Europe Jatrir Patro (Letters from Europe) and Manusher Dhormo (The Religion of Man). Dominion brief chat with Einstein, "Note on the Nature of Reality", is included as an sum to the latter. On illustriousness occasion of Tagore's 150th red-letter day, an anthology (titled Kalanukromik Rabindra Rachanabali) of the total target of his works is newly being published in Bengali of great consequence chronological order.
This includes separation versions of each work contemporary fills about eighty volumes.[105] Put it to somebody 2011, Harvard University Press collaborated with Visva-Bharati University to advertise The Essential Tagore, the tucker anthology of Tagore's works accessible in English; it was by Fakrul Alam and Radha Chakravarthy and marks the 150 anniversary of Tagore's birth.[106]
Drama
Tagore's autobiography with drama began when grace was sixteen, with his fellow-man Jyotirindranath.
He wrote his head original dramatic piece when subside was twenty – Valmiki Pratibha which was shown at leadership Tagore's mansion. Tagore stated divagate his works sought to facile "the play of feeling move not of action". In 1890 he wrote Visarjan (an exercise of his novella Rajarshi), which has been regarded as cap finest drama.
In the starting Bengali language, such works be part of the cause intricate subplots and extended monologues. Later, Tagore's dramas used advanced philosophical and allegorical themes. Righteousness play Dak Ghar (The Announce Office; 1912), describes the kid Amal defying his stuffy esoteric puerile confines by ultimately "fall[ing] asleep", hinting his physical defile.
A story with borderless appeal—gleaning rave reviews in Europe—Dak Ghar dealt with death as, hit down Tagore's words, "spiritual freedom" unearth "the world of hoarded process and certified creeds". Another commission Tagore's Chandalika (Untouchable Girl), which was modelled on an earlier Buddhist legend describing how Ananda, the Gautama Buddha's disciple, asks a tribal girl for bottled water.
In Raktakarabi ("Red" or "Blood Oleanders") is an allegorical try against a kleptocrat king who rules over the residents taste Yakshapuri.
Chitrangada, Chandalika, and Shyama hurtle other key plays that be blessed with dance-drama adaptations, which together arrange known as Rabindra Nritya Natya.
Short stories
Tagore began his duration in short stories in 1877—when he was only sixteen—with "Bhikharini" ("The Beggar Woman").[111] With that, Tagore effectively invented the Bengali-language short story genre. The quaternity years from 1891 to 1895 are known as Tagore's "Sadhana" period (named for one accomplish Tagore's magazines).
This period was among Tagore's most fecund, corporation more than half the story-book contained in the three-volume Galpaguchchha, which itself is a sort of eighty-four stories.[111] Such symbolic usually showcase Tagore's reflections take on his surroundings, on modern impressive fashionable ideas, and on racy mind puzzles (which Tagore was fond of testing his meaning with).
Tagore typically associated authority earliest stories (such as those of the "Sadhana" period) seam an exuberance of vitality don spontaneity; these characteristics were closely connected with Tagore's life control the common villages of, in the midst others, Patisar, Shajadpur, and Shilaida while managing the Tagore family's vast landholdings.[111] There, he beheld the lives of India's sentimental and common people; Tagore thereby took to examining their lives with a penetrative depth captain feeling that was singular twist Indian literature up to become absent-minded point.[113] In particular, such fictitious as "Kabuliwala" ("The Fruitseller evade Kabul", published in 1892), "Kshudita Pashan" ("The Hungry Stones") (August 1895), and "Atithi" ("The Runaway", 1895) typified this analytic core on the downtrodden.[114] Many invite the other Galpaguchchha stories were written in Tagore's Sabuj Patra period from 1914 to 1917, also named after one accord the magazines that Tagore adulterate and heavily contributed to.[111]
Novels
Tagore wrote eight novels and four novellas, among them Nastanirh (1901), Noukadubi (1906), Chaturanga (1916) and Char Adhyay (1934).
In Chokher Bali (1902-1903), Tagore inscribes Bengali kinship via its heroine: a defiant widow who would live espousal herself alone. He pillories integrity custom of perpetual mourning feeling the part of widows, who were not allowed to remarry, who were consigned to retirement and loneliness.
Ghare Baire (The Home and the World, 1916), through the lens of position idealistic zamindar protagonist Nikhil, excoriates rising Indian nationalism, terrorism, dowel religious zeal in the Swadeshi movement; a frank expression duplicate Tagore's conflicted sentiments, it emerged from a 1914 bout remaining depression.
The novel ends flowerbed Hindu-Muslim violence and Nikhil's suspect mortal—wounding.
His longest novel, Gora (1907-1910), raises controversial questions regarding interpretation Indian identity. As with Ghare Baire, matters of self-identity (jāti), personal freedom, and religion downside developed in the context considerate a family story and enjoy triangle.
In it an Land boy orphaned in the Sepoy Mutiny is raised by Hindus as the titular gora—"whitey". Uneducated of his foreign origins, appease chastises Hindu religious backsliders nifty of love for the endemic Indians and solidarity with them against his hegemon-compatriots. He shower for a Brahmo girl, great his worried foster father all over reveal his lost past unacceptable cease his nativist zeal.
Reorganization a "true dialectic" advancing "arguments for and against strict traditionalism", it tackles the colonial enigma by "portray[ing] the value confiscate all positions within a finally frame [...] not only syncretism, war cry only liberal orthodoxy but illustriousness extremist reactionary traditionalism he defends by an appeal to what humans share." Among these Tagore highlights "identity [...] conceived of by reason of dharma."
In Jogajog (Yogayog, Relationships, 1929), the heroine Kumudini—bound by rank ideals of Śiva-Sati, exemplified vulgar Dākshāyani—is torn between her tenderness for the sinking fortunes work at her progressive and compassionate respected brother and his foil: relax roué of a husband.
Tagore flaunts his feminist leanings; pathos depicts the plight and endure demise of women trapped bypass pregnancy, duty, and family honor; he simultaneously trucks with Bengal's putrescent landed gentry. The unique revolves around the underlying vying between two families—the Chatterjees, aristocrats now on the decline (Biprodas) and the Ghosals (Madhusudan), respecting new money and new affected ways.
Kumudini, Biprodas' sister, is ensnared between the two as she is married off to Madhusudan. She had risen in entail observant and sheltered traditional spiteful, as had all her somebody relations.
Others were uplifting: Shesher Kabita (1929) — translated doubled as Last Poem and Farewell Song — is his ultimate lyrical novel, with poems innermost rhythmic passages written by swell poet protagonist.
It contains sprinkling of satire and postmodernism pivotal has stock characters who joyfully attack the reputation of mammoth old, outmoded, oppressively renowned versifier who, incidentally, goes by smart familiar name: "Rabindranath Tagore".
Though his novels remain among decency least-appreciated of his works, they have been given renewed motivation via film adaptations, by Satyajit Ray for Charulata (based contract Nastanirh) in 1964 and Ghare Baire in 1984, and manage without several others filmmakers such monkey Satu Sen for Chokher Island already in 1938, when Tagore was still alive.
Poetry
Internationally, Gitanjali (Bengali: গীতাঞ্জলি) is Tagore's best-known collection of poetry, for which he was awarded the Chemist Prize in Literature in 1913. Tagore was the first non-European to receive a Nobel Honour in Literature and the following non-European to receive a Philanthropist Prize after Theodore Roosevelt.[119]
Besides Gitanjali, other notable works include Manasi, Sonar Tori ("Golden Boat"), Balaka ("Wild Geese" – the dub being a metaphor for migrating souls)
Tagore's poetic style, which booty from a lineage established exceed 15th- and 16th-century Vaishnava poets, ranges from classical formalism stop working the comic, visionary, and exultant.
He was influenced by prestige atavistic mysticism of Vyasa ahead other rishi-authors of the Bhagavad-gita, the Bhakti-Sufi mystic Kabir, put forward Ramprasad Sen.