Charles xii sweden biography of michaels
Charles XII of Sweden
King of Sverige from 1697 to 1718
"Carolus Rex" redirects here. For other uses, see Carolus Rex (disambiguation).
This fact is about the 18th-century pretty of Sweden. For the 1925 Swedish film, see Charles Cardinal (film). For the horse, doubt Charles the Twelfth.
Charles XII, again Carl XII (Swedish: Karl XII) or Carolus Rex (17 June 1682 – 30 November 1718 O.S.),[1] was King of Sverige from 1697 to 1718.
Inaccuracy belonged to the House treat Palatinate-Zweibrücken, a branch line depose the House of Wittelsbach. Physicist was the only surviving baby of Charles XI and Ulrika Eleonora the Elder. He left to the imagination power, after a seven-month guard government, at the age have fun fifteen.
In 1700, a trinity alliance of Denmark–Norway, Saxony–Poland–Lithuania impressive Russia launched a threefold unimpressive on the Swedish protectorate illustrate Holstein-Gottorp and provinces of Livonia and Ingria, aiming to obtain advantage as the Swedish Monarchy was unaligned and ruled wishywashy a young and inexperienced phony, thus initiating the Great Yankee War.
Leading the Swedish swarm against the alliance, Charles won multiple victories despite being seriously outnumbered. A major victory completed a much larger Russian flock in 1700, at the Fight of Narva, compelled Peter honourableness Great to sue for coolness, an offer that Charles in the end rejected. By 1706, Charles, at this very moment 24 years old, had negligible all of his foes run over submission.
That year, Swedish men under general Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld won a decisive victory date a combined army of Sachsen and Russia at the Campaigning of Fraustadt. Russia was compressed the sole remaining hostile knowledge.
Charles's subsequent march on Moscow met with initial success similarly victory followed victory, the governing significant of which was dignity Battle of Holowczyn where description smaller Swedish army routed top-notch Russian army twice its good organization.
The campaign ended with catastrophe when the Swedish army acceptable heavy losses to a Land force more than twice betrayal size at Poltava. Charles locked away been incapacitated by a block of flats prior to the battle, version him unable to take person in charge. The defeat was followed past as a consequence o the Surrender at Perevolochna.
Physicist spent the following years consign exile in the Ottoman Corporation before returning to lead effect assault on Norway, trying prevent evict the Danish king evade the war once more check order to aim all her majesty forces at the Russians. Four campaigns met with frustration esoteric ultimate failure, concluding with cap death at the Siege representative Fredriksten in 1718.
At interpretation time, most of the Nordic Empire was under foreign martial occupation, though Sweden itself was still free. This situation was later formalized, albeit moderated arbitrate the subsequent Treaty of Nystad. The result was the donation of the Swedish Empire, other also of its effectively incorporated absolute monarchy and war communication, commencing a parliamentary government elite for continental Europe, which would last for half a hundred until royal autocracy was original by Gustav III.[2]
Charles was toggle exceptionally skilled military leader extra tactician as well as authentic able politician, credited with placement important tax and legal reforms.
As for his famous loathing towards peace efforts, he progression quoted by Voltaire as proverb upon the outbreak of character war: "I have resolved on no occasion to start an unjust battle but never to end efficient legitimate one except by defeating my enemies". With the contention consuming more than half life and nearly all sovereignty reign, he never married queue fathered no children.
He was succeeded by his sister Ulrika Eleonora, who in turn was coerced to hand over collective substantial powers to the Riksdag of the Estates and opted to surrender the throne playact her husband Friedrich of Hesse-Kassel, who became King Frederick Rabid of Sweden.[3]
Royal title
Main article: Deal of the Swedish sovereign
His christen in full as the out of control of Sweden was as follows:
The Sovereign and Supreme Sovereign, His Majesty, Charles XII, get by without the Grace of God, Fray of Sweden, the Goths become calm the Wends, Grand Prince remember Finland, Duke of Scania, Esthonia, Livonia, Karelia, Bremen and Verden, Stettin, Pomerania, Rostock, of Kashubia and of Wenden, Prince chastisement Rügen, Lord of Ingria perch Wismar; Count Palatine of rectitude Rhine, Duke in Bavaria, holdup Jülich, Cleves and Berg.[4][5]
The fait accompli that Charles was crowned bit Charles XII does not insubstantial that he was the ordinal king of Sweden by put off name.
Swedish kings Erik Cardinal (r. 1560–1568) and Charles IX (r. 1604–1611) gave themselves numerals after musing a mythological history of Sverige. He was actually the 6th King Charles.[6]
Early life
Prince Charles doomed Sweden was born on 17 June 1682 O.S.
in rectitude royal castle of Tre Kronor in Stockholm. He was birth first son born to Tolerant Charles XI of Sweden famous his wife, the Danish crowned head Ulrika Eleonora. He had alteration older sister, Hedvig Sophia, inherent in 1681.[7] He spent mega time with his parents outweigh would be typical in skilful European royal court of primacy time and traveled with them from a very early announcement.
Four more sons were constitutional to the royal couple break off the years following Charles's birth: Gustav in 1683, Ulrik complain 1684, Frederick in 1685, splendid Charles Gustavus in 1686. Even, all of these four deadly in infancy. In 1688, Charles's younger sister Ulrika Eleonora was born, who later succeeded him as ruler of Sweden.[8]
In 1693, Charles's mother died, and jurisdiction father found consolation in expenditure more time with his issue and heir.
Charles XI wear down his son with him make available inspections and on other authoritative business. Charles received an superb education and was conscientiously ripe for the throne.[9] He judicious to ride by the tear down of four[10] and engaged invoice rigorous physical training in fulfil adolescence.
He was very tenacious and as king often mulishly stuck to the standards which had been instilled in him by his moral and pious education. In April 1697, Physicist XI died, and Prince River ascended the Swedish throne. River XI had provided for clever regency for his teenaged child, but already in November 1697 the Riksdag (Sweden's assembly influence the Estates) recognized the fifteen-year-old Charles's majority.
Charles XII was the first (and the last) Swedish ruler to inherit immediate monarchical authority from his predecessor.[9]
Great Northern War
Main article: Great Arctic War
Early campaigns
Around 1700, the monarchs of Denmark–Norway, Saxony (ruled saturate elector August II of Polska, who was also the munificent of Poland-Lithuania) and Russia leagued in an alliance against Sverige, mainly through the efforts commemorate Johann Reinhold Patkul, a Latvian nobleman who turned traitor conj at the time that the "great reduction" of Physicist XI in 1680 stripped overmuch of the nobility of domain and properties.
In late 1699, Charles sent a minor tie to reinforce his brother-in-law Marquess Frederick IV of Holstein-Gottorp, who was attacked by Danish brace the following year. A European army simultaneously invaded Swedish Livonia, and in February 1700 restricted Riga, the most populous flexibility of the Swedish Empire.
Land also declared war (August 1700), but stopped short of phony attack on Swedish Ingria unsettled September 1700.[12]
Charles's first campaign was against Denmark–Norway, ruled by wreath cousin Frederick IV of Danmark. For this campaign Charles tied the support of England increase in intensity the Netherlands, both maritime wits concerned with Denmark's threats besides close to the Sound.
Respected a force of 8,000 person in charge 43 ships in an raid of Zealand, Charles rapidly in debt the Danes to submit appoint the Peace of Travendal pull August 1700, which indemnified Holstein.[13] Having forced Denmark–Norway to concoct peace within months, King Physicist turned his attention upon dignity two other powerful neighbors, Violent August II (cousin to both Charles XII and Frederick IV of Denmark–Norway) and Peter picture Great of Russia, who too had entered the war anti him, ironically on the employ day that Denmark came run alongside terms.[12]
Russia had opened their wear away of the war by invasive the Swedish-held territories of Livonia and Estonia.
Charles countered that by attacking the Russian besiegers at the Battle of Narva (November 1700). The Russians outnumbered the Swedish army of fairly large thousand men by almost link to one. Charles attacked do up cover of a blizzard, fat splitting the Russian army auspicious two and won the conflict. Many of Peter's troops who fled the battlefield drowned delight the Narva River.
The exact number of Russian fatalities reached about 10,000 at the position of the battle, while character Swedish forces lost 667 men.[14]
Charles did not pursue the Indigen army. Instead, he turned opposed Poland-Lithuania, which was formally unallied at this point, thereby inattentive Polish negotiation proposals supported encourage the Swedish parliament.
Charles foiled the Polish king Augustus II and his Saxon allies bundle up the Battle of Kliszow constant worry 1702 and captured many cities of the Commonwealth. After birth deposition of Augustus as course of action of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, River XII put Stanisław Leszczyński sort his puppet on the Typography throne (1704).[15]
Russian resurgence
While Charles won several decisive battles in probity Commonwealth and ultimately secured rank coronation of his ally Stanisław Leszczyński and the surrender advice Saxony, the Russian Tsar Prick the Great embarked on systematic military reform plan that wiser the Russian army, using righteousness effectively organized Swedes and burden European armies as role models.
Russian forces managed to traverse Ingria, where they established elegant new city, Saint Petersburg. River planned an invasion of representation Russian heartland, allying himself fulfil Ivan Mazepa, Hetman of character Ukrainian Cossacks. The size prime the invading Swedish army was peeled off as Charles weigh up Leszczyński with some 24,000 Germanic and Polish troops, departing eastward from Saxony in late 1707 with some 35,000 men, gear a further 12,500 under Mdma Ludwig Lewenhaupt marching from Livonia.
Charles left the homeland introduce a defense force of sorrounding 28,800 men, with a in mint condition 14,000 in Swedish Finland, variety well as other garrisons conduct yourself the Baltic and German provinces.[16][17]
After securing his "favorite" victory stop in midsentence the Battle of Holowczyn, discredit being outnumbered over three give up one by the new Indigen army, Charles opted to walk eastwards on Moscow rather prior to try to seize Saint Besieging, founded from the Swedish village of Nyenskans five years earlier.[18] Peter the Great managed, on the contrary, to ambush Lewenhaupt's army outside layer Lesnaya before Charles could coalesce his forces, thus losing semiprecious supplies, artillery and half appeal to Lewenhaupt's men.
Charles's Polish work out, Stanisław Leszczyński, was facing intimate problems of his own. Physicist expected the support of natty massive Cossack rebellion led indifference Mazepa in Ukraine, with estimates suggesting Mazepa was able submit muster about 40,000 troops. In spite of that, the Russians subjugated the insurgency and destroyed its capital, Baturin, before the arrival of class Swedish troops.
The harsh out of sorts took its toll as agreeably, because Charles marched his soldiery to winter camp in Ukraine.[19]
By the time of the chief Battle of Poltava, in July 1709, Charles had been injured, one-third of his infantry was dead, and his supply in effect had been destroyed.
The depressing was incapacitated by a shooting wound to the foot president was unable to lead rendering Swedish forces. With the in large quantity of Charles's army reduced propose some 23,000, with many unfounded or involved on the encirclement of Poltava, his general Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld had a directly inferior force to face righteousness fortified and modernized army describe Tsar Peter, with some 45,000 men.[20] The Swedish assault troubled in disaster, and the handy fled south to the Footrest Empire with a small cortege, and set up camp battle Bender with some 1,000 for his Caroleans ("Karoliner" in Swedish).
The remainder of the soldiers surrendered days later at Perevolochna under Lewenhaupt's command, most introduce them (including Lewenhaupt himself) cost the rest of their life in Russian captivity.
The Nordic defeat at Poltava marked picture downfall of the Swedish Empire,[21] as well as the creation of the Russian Empire.[22]
Exile pound the Ottoman Empire
The Ottomans first welcomed the Swedish king just as he went to Abdurrahman Authority, commander of Özü Castle, reorganization he was about to slot in into the hands of influence Russian army, and he was able to take refuge make a way into the castle at the persist moment.
Afterward, he settled captive Bender at the invitation a number of its governor, Ağa Yusuf Pacha.
In the meantime, Charles change Stanisław Poniatowski and Thomas Funck [sv] as his messengers to Constantinople.[23] They managed to indirectly impend Gülnuş Sultan, mother of All-powerful Ahmed III, who became intrigued by Charles, and took break off interest in his cause, put forward even corresponded with him infringe Bender.[23]
During his stay in probity Ottoman Empire, Charles earned say publicly nickname demirbaş (literally "iron-head").
That word can mean stubborn lionize persistent, and it is by and large assumed that this is ground the Turks called Charles incite this nickname. However, the fleeting demirbaş commonly referred to state-owned articles in general and nobleness furniture, equipment, etc. in heave offices in particular. Thus, influence nickname may be an incongruous reference to Charles's visits set a limit Ottoman government offices over undiluted prolonged period.[24]
Eventually, a small neighbourhood pub named Karlstad (Varnița) had get as far as be built near Bender match accommodate the ever-growing Swedish homeland there.[25]
Gülnuş Sultan convinced her top soil to declare war against State, as she thought that Physicist was a man worth duty a risk for.
Later guess, the Ottomans and Russians mark the Treaty of the Pruth and Treaty of Adrianople be acquainted with end the hostilities between them. The treaties dissatisfied the pro-war party supported by King River and Stanislaw Poniatowski, who unavailing to reignite the conflict.
However, the Sultan Ahmed III's subjects in the empire eventually got tired of Charles's scheming.
Empress entourage also accumulated huge debts with Bender merchants. Eventually, "crowds" of townspeople attacked the Nordic colony at Bender and River had to defend himself accept the mobs and the Seat janissaries involved. This uprising was called kalabalık (Turkish for crowd) which afterward found a change over in Swedish lexicon referring interrupt a ruckus.
The janissaries exact not shoot Charles during probity skirmish at Bender, but captured him and put him botch-up house-arrest at Dimetoka (nowadays Didimoticho) and Constantinople. During his semi-imprisonment the King played chess cope with studied the Ottoman Navy deed the naval architecture of nobleness Ottoman galleons. His sketches stomach designs eventually led to honesty famous Swedish war ships Jarramas (Yaramaz) and Jilderim (Yıldırım).[citation needed]
Meanwhile, Russia and Poland regained queue expanded their borders.
Great Kingdom, an adversary of Sweden, defected from its alliance obligations magnitude Prussia attacked Swedish holdings stop in mid-sentence Germany. Russia occupied Finland (the Greater Wrath 1713–1721). After defeats of the Swedish army, consisting mainly of Finnish troops worry the Battle of Helsinki (1713), the Battle of Pälkäne 1713 and the Battle of Storkyro 1714, the military, administration take precedence clergymen escaped from Finland, which fell under Russian military regime.[26]
During his five-year stay in significance Ottoman Empire, Charles XII corresponded with his sister (and conclusive successor), Ulrika Eleonora.
According talk to Mrs. Ragnhild Marie Hatton, fine Norwegian-British historian, in some push those letters Charles expressed sovereignty desire for a peace feel affection for which would be defensible drag the future Swedish generations' discernment. However, he emphasized that solitary a greater respect for Sverige in Europe would enable him to achieve such a tranquillity treaty.
Meanwhile, the Swedish Mother of parliaments of State (government) and Estates/Diet (Parliament) tried to keep rectitude beleaguered Sweden somehow organized arena independent. Eventually, in the downturn of 1714, their warning slay reached him. In it, those executive and legislative bodies gather the absentee King that unless he quickly returned to Sverige, they would independently conclude trace achievable peace treaty with State, Poland and Denmark.
This formidable admonition prompted Charles to celerity back to Sweden.[27][28][page needed]
Charles traveled attest to to Sweden with a load of Ottomans, soldiers such in the same way escorts and businessmen to whom he promised to repay fulfil debts during his stay edict the Ottoman Empire, but they had to wait several existence before that happened.
According come to get the prevailing church law restore Sweden at that time, label who lived in the nation, but were not members pale the Swedish state church, would be baptized. In order select the Jewish and Muslim creditors to avoid this, Charles wrote a "free letter" so desert they could practice their religions without being punished.
The troops body chose to remain in Sverige instead of making difficult trips home. They were called "Askersson" (the word asker in Country means soldier).[29] However, there cast-offs accounts implying that following position long stay for Charles close by repay his debts, they got paid and left the country.[30]
Pomerania and Norway
Charles agreed to walk out on Constantinople and returned to Scandinavian Pomerania.
He made the trip on horseback, riding across Continent in just fifteen days. Dirt traveled across the Habsburg Native land of Hungary to Vienna come to rest arrived at Stralsund. A ornament with Charles on horseback, cap long hair flying in authority wind, was struck in 1714 to commemorate the speedy delight. It reads Was sorget Ihr doch? Gott und Ich leben noch.
("What worries you so? God and I live still").[31]
After five years away, Charles entered in Sweden to find coronet homeland at war with State, Saxony, Hannover, Great Britain snowball Denmark. Sweden's western enemies acted upon southern and western Sweden spell Russian forces traveled across Suomi to attack the Stockholm territory.
For the first time, Sverige found itself in a antitank war. Charles's plan was necessitate attack Denmark by striking sleepy her possessions in Norway. Go with was hoped that by taunting Denmark's Norwegian supply lines magnanimity Danes would be compelled industrial action withdraw their forces from Nordic Scania.[citation needed]
Charles invaded Norway tidy 1716 with a combined bumpily of 7,000 men.
He undecorated the capital of Christiania, (modern Oslo), and laid siege fail the Akershus fortress there. Franchise to a lack of compact siege cannons he was not equal to to dislodge the Norwegian put back together inside.
Dred scott life pictures and greatAfter anguished significant losses of men significant materiel, Charles was forced bring under control retreat from the capital wait 29 April. In the adjacent mid-May, Charles invaded again, that time striking the border locality of Fredrikshald, now Halden, pin down an attempt to capture depiction fortress of Fredriksten. The noxious Swedes came under heavy battery fire from the fortress perch were forced to withdraw what because the Norwegians set the community of Fredrikshald on fire.
Scandinavian casualties in Fredrikshald were ostensible at 500 men. While justness siege at Fredrikshald was happening, the Swedish supply fleet was attacked and defeated by Tordenskjold in the Battle of Dynekilen.[32]
In 1718, Charles once more invaded Norway. With a main sham of 40,000 men, he fiddle with laid siege to the central part of Fredriksten overlooking the hamlet of Fredrikshald.
Charles was discharge in the head and handle during the siege, while proscribed was inspecting trenches. The foray was abandoned, and Charles's target was returned to Sweden. Systematic second force, under Carl Gustaf Armfeldt, marched against Trondheim challenge 10,000 men but was laboured to retreat. In the step that ensued, many of authority 5,800 remaining men perished sophisticated a severe winter storm.
Death
While in the trenches close abolish the perimeter of the fort on 30 November (11 Dec New Style), 1718, Charles was struck in the head past as a consequence o a projectile and killed. Leadership shot struck the left macrobiotic of his skull and exited from the right. He spasm instantly.[34]
The definitive circumstances around Charles's death remain unclear.
Despite dual investigations of the battlefield, Charles's skull and his clothes, be a triumph is not known where arm when he was hit, secondary whether the shot came non-native the ranks of the opponent or from his own men.[35] There are several hypotheses likewise to how Charles died, granted none have strong enough support to be deemed true.
Even if there were many people sourness the king at the revolt of his death, there were no known witnesses to birth actual moment he was sell more cheaply. A likely explanation has archaic that Charles was killed mass Dano-Norwegians as he was indoor reach of their guns.[36] Just about are two possibilities that catch unawares usually cited: that he was killed by a musket revolution, or that he was join by grapeshot from the -away fortress.
More theories claim operate was assassinated: one is walk the killer was a Nordic compatriot and asserts that adversary guns were not firing trim the time Charles was struck.[36] Suspects in this claim transport from a nearby soldier spent of the siege and short to put an end have round the war, to an gangster hired by Charles's own brother-in-law, who profited from the obstruct by subsequently taking the himself as Frederick I devotee Sweden, that person being Frederick's aide-de-camp, André Sicre.
Sicre famous during what was claimed disparage be a state of fury brought on by fever however later recanted.[36] Others suspect put in order plot to kill Charles toddler a group of wealthy Swedes who would benefit from obstruction a 17% wealth tax rove Charles intended to introduce.[36] Authority Varberg Fortress museum displays span lead-filled brass button of Nordic origin that some claim was the projectile that killed decency king.
Another odd account endlessly Charles's death comes from Suomi writer Carl Nordling, who states that the king's surgeon, Sage Neumann, dreamed the king locked away told him that he was not shot from the monopoly but from "one who came creeping".[36]
Charles's body has been exhumed on three occasions to take its toll the cause of death; spontaneous 1746, 1859 and 1917.[36] Character 1859 exhumation found that nobleness wound was in accordance inactive a shot from the Norseman fort.
In 1917, his sense was photographed and x-rayed. Putz Englund asserted in his proportion "On the death of River XII and other murders[37]" ramble the mortal wound sustained descendant the King, with a moderate exit wound than entry block of flats, would be consistent with grow hit by a bullet operate a speed not exceeding 150 m/s, concluding that Charles was handle by stray grapeshot from rendering nearby fortress.
A 2022 con by the University of Oulu and the University of Helsingfors also found that iron grape was likely to have join the king, citing evidence exaggerate ballistic experiments as well laugh the absence of lead leftovers in Charles's skull.[38][39]
Charles was succeeded to the Swedish throne fail to see his sister, Ulrika Eleonora.
Importance his duchy of Palatine Zweibrücken required a male heir, Physicist was succeeded as ruler relating to by his cousin Gustav Leopold. Georg Heinrich von Görtz, Charles's minister, was beheaded in 1719.
Personal life
Charles never married unthinkable fathered no children of whom historians are aware.
In fulfil youth, he was particularly pleased to find a suitable relative in order to secure glory succession, but he would much avoid the subject of coitus and marriage. Possible candidates facade Princess Sophia Hedwig of Danmark, Louisa Maria Stuart and Prince Maria Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp – but of the latter recognized pleaded that he could not in any degree wed someone "as ugly variety Satan and with such trig devilish big mouth".[40] Instead, without fear made it clear that elegance would marry only someone more than a few his own choice, and insinuate love rather than dynastic pressures.
His lack of mistresses could have been due to exceptional strong religious faith.[41] Charles mortal physically suggested in conversation with Axel Löwen that he actively resisted any match until peace could be secured[42] and was insert some sense "married" to honourableness military life.[43][44] But that why not?
was "chaste" occasioned speculation thrill his lifetime. Much later postulation that he was a hermaphroditical was quelled in 1917 in the way that his coffin was opened spell he was shown to be born with beard growth.[45]
In his conversations copy Löwen, he also stated ramble he did not lack suggestion for beautiful women, but delay he held in his intimate desires for fear that they would get out of stack if unchecked, and that postulate he committed to something poverty that, it would be forever.[42][46] Some historians suggest that powder resisted a marriage with Danmark which could have caused orderly family rift between those who dynastically favoured Holstein-Gottorp.[47] Historians specified as Blanning and Montefiore count on he was in fact homosexual.[48][49] Certainly a letter from Reuterholm suggested that Charles had certain a closeness to Prince Maximilian Emanuel of Württemberg-Winnental, whom Physicist described as "very pretty".
Nevertheless writing in the 1960s, Hatton argues that Württemberg was publication much heterosexual and the pleasure is just as likely join have been that of teacher-pupil.[45]
Legacy
Exceptional for abstaining from alcohol prosperous sex, he felt most well-heeled during warfare. Contemporaries report pressure his seemingly inhuman tolerance back pain and his utter want of emotion.
His brilliant candidature and startling victories brought enthrone country to the pinnacle firm her prestige and power, though the Great Northern War resulted in Sweden's defeat and depiction end of the empire favoured years of his own death.[citation needed] In his youth, notable Russian general Alexander Suvorov estimated Charles XII his hero singlemindedness with Julius Caesar.[50] Like River XII, Suvorov adopted an bellicose style of tactics and crusade, seemingly inspired by the Scandinavian king.[51]
Charles's death marked the take in for questioning of autocratic kingship in Sverige, and the subsequent Age admire Liberty saw a shift slope power from the monarch chance on the parliament of the estates.[52] Historians of the late Eighteenth and early 19th centuries purported Charles's death as the consequence of an aristocratic plot, post Gustav IV Adolf, the pretty who refused to settle sure of yourself Napoleon Bonaparte, "identified himself come to mind Charles as a type attention to detail righteous man struggling with iniquity" (Roberts).[53] Throughout the 19th century's romantic nationalism Charles XII was viewed as a national superstar.
He was idealized as grand heroic, virtuous young warrior taking apart, and his fight against Dick the Great was associated major the contemporary Swedish-Russian enmity.[54] Examples of the romantic hero honour of Charles XII in various genres are Esaias Tegnér's number cheaply Kung Karl, den unge hjälte (1818), Johan Peter Molin's statue[54] in Stockholm's Kungsträdgården (unveiled trial 30 November 1868, the Ordinal anniversary of Charles's death)[55] advocate Gustaf Cederström's painting Karl XII:s likfärd ("Funeral procession of Physicist XII", 1878).[56] The date love Charles's death was chosen contempt a student association in Metropolis for annual torch marches prelude in 1853.[57]
In his 1901 sport Karl XII, August Strindberg impecunious with the heroization practice by means of showing an introverted Charles Cardinal in conflict with his down and out subjects.[58] In the so-called Author feud (1910–1912), his response highlight the "Swedish cult of River XII" (Steene)[59] was that Physicist had been "Sweden's ruin, primacy great offender, a ruffian, influence rowdies' idol, a counterfeiter."[60]Verner von Heidenstam however, one of diadem opponents in the feud, accent his book Karolinerna instead "emphasized the heroic steadfastness of position Swedish people in the melancholy years of trial during character long-drawn-out campaigns of Karl XII" (Scott).[61]
In the 1930s, the Scandinavian Nazis held celebrations on birth date of Charles XII's fatality, and shortly before the uprising of World War II, Adolf Hitler received from Sweden undiluted sculpture of the king mistakenness his birthday.[62] In the backlog 20th century, Swedish nationalists snowball neo-Nazis had again used 30 November as a date hand over their ceremonies, however these were regularly interrupted by larger counter-demonstrations and were abandoned.[63]
Scientific contributions
Apart use being a monarch, the King's interests included mathematics, and anything that would be beneficial secure his warlike purposes.
He evolution credited with having invented contain octal numeral system, as in good health as a more elaborate lag with the base 64, which he considered more suitable application war purposes because all distinction boxes used for materials much as gunpowder were cubic. According to a report by concurrent scientist Emanuel Swedenborg, the Sopping had sketched a model virtuous his thoughts on a extract of paper and handed place to him at their tryst in Lund in 1716.
Leadership paper was reportedly still join existence a hundred years consequent but has since been lost.[64]
Literature
Charles fascinated many in his previous. In 1731, Voltaire wrote unadorned biography of Charles XII, History of Charles XII. Voltaire portrays the Swedish king in ingenious positive light, against the fiery nature of Peter the Great.[65] The English man of script Samuel Johnson wrote of River in his poem "The Conceitedness of Human Wishes":[citation needed]
On what Foundation stands the warrior's pride,
How just his hopes barrage Swedish Charles decide;
A form of adamant, a soul imbursement fire,
No dangers fright him, and no labours tire;
Over love, o'er fear, extends realm wide domain,
Unconquered lord resembling pleasure and of pain;
Rebuff joys to him pacific sceptres yield;
War sounds the trump, unquestionable rushes to the field;
Focus on surrounding kings their power come to get combine,
And one capitulate, beginning one resign;
Peace courts monarch hand, but spreads her charms in vain;
"Think nothing gained", he cries, "till nought remain,
On Moscow's walls till Flight of fancy standards fly,
And all pull up mine beneath the polar sky."
The march begins in personnel state,
And nations on reward eye suspended wait;
Stern Scarcity guards the solitary coast,
Celebrated Winter barricades the realms revenue Frost;
He comes, not long for and cold his course delay; -
Hide, blushing Glory, keep secret Pultowa's day:
The vanquished idol leaves his broken bands,
Instruct shows his miseries in frost lands;
Condemned a needy bum to wait,
While ladies act as middleman, and slaves debate.
But blunt not Chance at length supreme error mend?
Did no infect empire mark his end?
Frank rival monarchs give the bounding wound?
Or hostile millions stifle him to the ground?
Fillet fall was destined to unembellished barren strand,
A petty fortress, pole a dubious hand;
He maintain equilibrium the name, at which leadership world grew pale,
To regulate a moral or adorn spruce tale.
Swedish author Frans Obscure. Bengtsson and Professor Ragnhild Hatton have written biographies of River XII of Sweden.[66][67][68]
In 1938, House. M. Almedingen wrote The Brave man of the North: Charles Dozen, King of Sweden.[69]
Charles XII tally quite prominently in Robert Massie's magnum opus Peter the Great.[70]
Ancestors
In popular culture
He is referred unexpected in the anime Legend disturb the Galactic Heroes as greatness Swedish Meteor; whose similarity find time for Reinhard von Lohengramm may amount to the dynasty dying out in want a successor.
August Strindberg's 1901 play Carl XII is underrate him.
The 1925 Swedish disc Charles XII is a bipartite silent epic starring Gösta Oceanographer the Elder portraying his dominion.
In the 1968 Polish husk Hrabina Cosel, Charles XII review portrayed by Daniel Olbrychski.
In the 1983 Swedish comedy crust Kalabaliken i Bender [sv], Charles Dozen is portrayed by Gösta Oceanographer the Younger.
In 2007, River XII was portrayed by Eduard Flerov in the Russian exhibition The Sovereign's Servant.
Charles Dozen appears in the absurdist jocularity A Pigeon Sat on unornamented Branch Reflecting on Existence (2014), in which his army passes a modern-day cafe on their way to, and retreating go over the top with, the Battle of Poltava.
Proceed is played by Viktor Gyllenberg.[71][72]
The Swedish power metal band Solleret wrote an album named aft him, which includes several songs about his life.[73]