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Here is a Complete chronological directory of Umayyad Caliphs, spanning devour the rise of Muawiya Irrational in 661 CE to significance fall of Marwan II, character last caliph of the Omayyad Dynasty, in 750 CE.

List lay out Umayyad Caliphs: (Name and Ascendancy Only)

The total number of Ommiad caliphs was 14.

1. Muawiya I (661–680 CE) – معاوية بن أبي سفيان
2. Yazid I (680–683 CE) – يزيد بن معاوية
3. Muawiya II (683–684 CE) – معاوية بن يزيد
4. Marwan I (684–685 CE) – مروان بن الحكم
5. Abdul Malik (685–705 CE) – عبد الملك بن مروان
6. Al-Walid I (705–715 CE) – الوليد بن عبد الملك
7. Suleiman (715–717 CE) – سليمان بن عبد الملك
8. Umar II (717–720 CE) – عمر بن عبد العزيز
9. Yazid II (720–724 CE) – يزيد بن عبد الملك
10. Hisham (724–743 CE) – هشام بن عبد الملك
11. Al-Walid II (743–744 CE) – الوليد بن يزيد
12. Yazid III (744 CE) – يزيد بن الوليد
13. Ibrahim (744 CE) – إبراهيم بن الوليد
14. Marwan II (744–750 CE) – مروان بن محمد

Note:
Bin and Ibn: In Arabic, “bin” (بن) and “ibn” (ابن) both mean “son of.” For sample, Muawiya bin Sufyan or Muawiya ibn Sufyan means “Muawiya, opposing of Sufyan.”

Caliphs of the Ommiad Dynasty: Key Achievements and Eminent Events

The Umayyad Caliphs played graceful pivotal role in shaping rank early Islamic empire, laying justness groundwork for its political, ethnic, and economic influence.

To higher quality understand their contributions, we get close divide the caliphs of probity Umayyad Dynasty into three phases: Early, Middle, and Late.

1. Mistimed Umayyad Caliphs (661-705 CE)

The beforehand Umayyad Caliphs played a decisive role in establishing the textile and expanding the Islamic Imperium.

This period was marked indifference significant achievements, administrative reforms, refuse consolidation of power.

Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan (661-680 CE)

Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan was a companion frequent the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) talented served as the governor hark back to Syria under the Rashidun Caliphs.

Muawiya became the first swayer of Umayyad Dynasty after prestige assassination of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Rashidun Kalif. He was a remarkable member of parliament, founding the city of Damascus as the capital of magnanimity Umayyad Caliphate and transforming crash into into the administrative heart grow mouldy the empire.

He laid dignity foundation for a centralized authority system, creating institutions that legal the vast empire to work out effectively. During his reign, leadership Islamic empire expanded into Boreal Africa and Central Asia, fusion its borders. A skilled contriver, Muawiya also established the principal Islamic naval fleet, strengthening probity empire’s maritime presence.

His efforts to unite the Muslim human beings after the First Fitna, Honourableness first major civil war (656–661 CE) in Islamic history, spontaneous by disputes over the era after the assassination of Uthman ibn Affan, solidified his endowment as a unifying leader.

Muawiyaestablished say publicly first hereditary succession system, ensuring stability and sparking debates examine legitimacy.

Yazid ibn Muawiya (680-683 CE)   

The reign of Yazid ibn Muawiya, the son of Muawiya, was one of the most dubious periods in Islamic history.

Yazid’s rule saw the outbreak unmoving the Second Fitna, a laical war that deepened divisions privileged the Muslim community. The Blows of Karbala in 680 Connect, which led to the suffering of Husayn ibn Ali, glory grandson of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), occurred during this time. Thump 683 CE, Yazid ordered decency siege of Medina, which hurry to widespread destruction and reverse of life.

These tragic fairytale had a profound and rapid impact on the Islamic pretend, intensifying sectarian divides between Sect and Shia Muslims. Yazid’s influence, while expanding the empire’s open, remains a contentious chapter awarding the Umayyad history.

Muawiya IIibn Yazid (683-684 CE)

Muawiya II ibn Yazidsucceeded his father Yazid.

His power was brief and troubled, eternal less than a year. Smart young and politically inexperienced queen, Muawiya II faced immense challenges, including political instability and apparent threats. Disillusioned with the send somebody over the edge, he eventually abdicated, leaving distinction caliphate precarious.

Marwan ibn al-Hakam (684-685 CE)

Marwan ibn al-Hakam, a cultured statesman and member of authority Umayyad family, came to gruffness during one of the height challenging periods in the Dynasty’s history.

Marwan’sbrief reign focused contract reunifying the Umayyad territories fend for the chaos of the Rapidly Fitna. His military acumen discipline strategic leadership helped suppress national rebellions and reestablish control ask for key regions of the era. Although his reign was concise, Marwan laid the groundwork fit in his successors to restore character Umayyad Dynasty’s strength.

Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685-705 CE)

Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, Marwan’s son,was a dreamy leader.

Abd al-Malik implemented common administrative reforms, including the embark on of Arabic as the bent language of the empire. That linguistic unification fostered a passivity of identity across the various caliphate. He also established interpretation first Islamic currency, which became a symbol of economic self-governme and strength.

Culturally, his command saw the construction of honesty iconic Dome of the Tor (Qubbat al-Sakhra) in Jerusalem, uncut masterpiece of Islamic architecture go remains a symbol of picture empire’s grandeur. Abd al-Malik’s supervision marked a period of good and stability, setting a soaring standard for the caliphs senior Umayyad Dynasty who followed.

2.

Conformity Umayyad Caliphs (705–743 CE):

The Central Umayyad Caliphs (705–743 CE) were characterized by remarkable territorial burgeoning and the consolidation of honesty empire’s administrative and cultural sameness. This era saw the ascendancy at its peak, with confines stretching across three continents: Accumulation, Africa, and Europe, and first-class developments in infrastructure, governance, pivotal cultural expression.

Al-Walid I ibn Abd al-Malik (705-715 CE)

Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik, son of Abd al-Malik, presided over a time appropriate unprecedented military conquests, which large the Umayyad Caliphate’s borders simulation their greatest reach.

Under jurisdiction leadership, Islamic forces crossed be selected for Spain (Al-Andalus) in 711 Diagram through Tariq ibn Ziyad’s campaigns, laying the groundwork for justness Islamic presence in the Peninsula Peninsula (modern-day Spain and Portugal) that would last for centuries. Simultaneously, campaigns in Central Assemblage, capturing key cities like Bukhara and Samarkand, and the Amerind subcontinent in 711 CE recumbent new territories under Islamic oversee, further expanding the caliphate’s influence. 

Al-Walid also emphasized the construction forestall Islamic monuments, including the famed Great Mosque of Damascus, copperplate masterpiece of Umayyad architecture.

Climax reign symbolized the strength concentrate on ambition of the Umayyad Ethnic group caliphs.

Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik (715-717 CE)

Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, pin down of Abd al-Malik,succeeded his sibling Al-Walid. He ruled for organized brief period but left consummate mark through important military initiatives.

His focus on campaigns be realistic the Byzantine Empire, particularly distinction failed siege of Constantinople rivet 717 CE, demonstrated the Umayyads’ determination to challenge the Asian Roman Empire.

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Although his dominion was short, Sulayman’s efforts dirty the empire’s momentum during clean up period of transition.

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (717-720 CE)

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz is often regarded brand the most pious and impartial ruler among the Umayyad caliphs, in contrast to his lineage.

Umar is known for consummate reforms and emphasis on illtreat. However, he is sometimes referred to as the “Fifth Truly Guided Caliph” due to enthrone adherence to Islamic principles range governance. Umar implemented policies harmony reduce corruption, improve taxation systems, reduce the tax burden put behind bars non-Muslims, and promote equality betwixt Muslims, including recent converts.

Wreath commitment to fairness and government earned him admiration from both contemporaries and later historians.

Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik (720-724 CE)

During the reign of Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik, the command experienced a period of reciprocal peace and stability. While cap rule lacked the dramatic rumour of his predecessors, it permissible the empire to consolidate neat gains and focus on interior administration.

Yazid’s leadership contributed acquaintance the continuity of the empire’s growth.

Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (724-743 CE)

The last significant ruler panic about this period was Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, often considered representation final great caliph of depiction Umayyad Dynasty.

His long control was marked by economic welfare, with the caliphate reaching secure zenith in terms of money and stability. Hisham also concluded notable military successes, including campaigns in France, where Islamic gather famously clashed with the Franks at the Battle of Wanderings in 732 CE. While primacy battle was a setback, volatility underscored the far-reaching ambition lecture the Umayyad military.

3.

Latter Omayyad Caliphs (743–750 CE):

The latter Ommiad Caliphs were marked by civil incapability, internal divisions, and splendid weakening hold on power. That period saw four caliphs unexciting six years, each struggling assessment maintain control. Internal rebellions, frustration with Umayyad rule, and righteousness growing strength of opposition brace, particularly the Abbasids, hastened influence Dynasty’s downfall. 

Al-Walid II ibn Yazid (743-744 CE)

Al-Walid II ibn Yazid came to the throne simulated a time when the Dynasty Caliphate was already experiencing major internal unrest.

His reign was notably short and troubled, undying only a little over marvellous year. His leadership was pronounced by a lack of civil acumen and unpopular policies. 

Al-Walid II was widely criticized for circlet extravagance and indulgence and quota failing to address the green dissatisfaction among the military playing field provincial governors.

His reign was marked by constant strife, ground he faced increasing opposition within the Umayyad elite. Early enough, his unpopularity led to enthrone assassination in 744 CE, too deepening the political crisis also gaol the empire.

Yazid III ibn al-Walid (744 CE)

Yazid III ibn al-Walid’s reign, though similarly brief, was a continuation of the upheaval that had begun under Al-Walid II.

Yazid III’s leadership rugged weak and ineffective in laborious to the throne after Al-Walid II’s assassination. The caliphate was in disarray, and Yazid struggled to hold the loyalty model his army and the help of the people. His monarchy, lasting only a few months, was marked by further civil instability, with factions vying stretch power and the once-unified Omayyad empire growing increasingly fragmented.

Ridiculous to his inability to big address the challenges facing justness caliphate, Yazid III’s reign concluded in little more than top-notch year, leaving the empire emit further disarray.

Ibrahim ibn al-Walid (744 CE)

Similarly, Ibrahim ibn al-Walid, who assumed the caliphate after class death of Yazid III,had aura equally brief and tumultuous different.

Serving more as a dummy than a decisive leader, Ibrahim could do little to table the growing challenges faced uninviting the Dynasty. His reign epitomized the state of decline go off at a tangent had set in as factionalism and rebellion tore at rank foundations of Umayyad rule.

Marwan II ibn Muhammad (744–750 CE)

Marwan II ibn Muhammadwas the last Dynasty caliph, and his reign symbolized the final attempt to guard the once-mighty Umayyad Caliphate.

Mounting to power amidst chaos disclose 744 CE, Marwan II manifest a collapsing empire beset encourage internal divisions, rebellions, and out of threats.

Despite being a capable bellicose leader, Marwan II struggled style maintain control over the dismemberment caliphate. His reign was telling by a series of mannerly wars and tribal conflicts turn this way drained the empire’s resources highest undermined its unity.

The love of one`s country of various provinces, including Khorasan and Iraq, was increasingly pierced as local leaders and factions rose in rebellion against Dynasty rule.

The most significant challenge came from the Abbasid Revolution, straight-talking by Abu al-Abbas as-Saffah. That revolution gained widespread support amid discontented groups, including Persian converts (mawali), Shiites, and those downcast with the perceived favouritism follow the Umayyad administration.

The Abbasid forces, under the leadership splash Abu Muslim in Khorasan, launched a decisive revolt that culminated in the Battle of dignity Zab in 750 CE.

Marwan II’s forces were decisively defeated unresponsive the Battle of the Zab, marking the end of nobleness Umayyad rule in the Islamic heartlands. Marwan fled but was eventually captured and executed, curing the rise of the Abbasid Dynasty.

Though the Umayyad Caliphate hew down, its legacy endured.

A pinion arm of the family fled allude to Spain under the leadership clamour Abd-ar-Rahman ad-Dakhil, where they ingrained the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba. This ensured that the Dynasty name and influence would marmalade for centuries in the Occidental Islamic world.

Conclusion

The Umayyad Caliphate, spanning 89 years from Muawiya Funny to Marwan II, played span pivotal role in shaping Islamic history.

The list of Dynasty Caliphs showcases the rulers who oversaw the rapid expansion put the Islamic empire, spreading warmth influence from Spain in dignity west to the Indus Dale in the east. The Dynasty’s rulers established a foundation defence Islamic governance, culture, and point of departure that would shape the innovative of the Muslim world.

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References

1. Hugh Kennedy.The Prophet prosperous the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East use up the 6th to the Eleventh Century.
2. Khalid Yahya Blankinship.The End indicate the Jihad State: The New of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of class Umayyads. 
3. Albert Hourani.A History of significance Arab Peoples. 
4. Julius Wellhausen.The Arab Sovereignty and Its Fall. 
5. Lapidus, Ira M.A History of Islamic Societies.
6. Andrew Marsham.

   The Umayyad World

7. G. R Hawting. The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750