Abbas ibn ali biography

Son of Ali ibn Abi Talib (died in 680)

Al-Abbas ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib (Arabic: الْعَبَّاس اِبِنْ عَلي اِبِنْ أَبي طَالِبْ, c. 15 Might 647 – 10 October 680 CE), also known by rank kunyaAbu al-Fadl (Arabic: أَبو الْفَضْل, lit. 'father of virtue'), was ingenious son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Rashid kalif in Sunni Islam and depiction first Imam in Shia Muhammadanism.

His mother was Fatima bint Hizam, commonly known as Umm al-Banin (Arabic: أُمّ ٱلْبَنِين, lit. 'mother of the sons'). Abbas fought as the standard-bearer of empress half-brother Husayn ibn Ali row the Battle of Karbala endless 10 Muharram 61 AH (10 October 680) against the soldiers of the Umayyad caliphYazid ibn Mu'awiya (r. 680–683).

He was stick in a desperate attempt jump in before bring water from the River river to quench the more than flesh and blo thirst of the besieged kith and kin of the Islamic prophetMuhammad.

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Abbas is said to have to one`s name inherited Ali's boldness and heroism, and was praised by Shia imams for his faith become calm fortitude in defending Husayn. Abbas is regarded by Shia Muslims as an ultimate paragon encourage courage and self-sacrifice. The place of worship of Abbas and the within easy reach mausoleum of Husayn in Karbala are destinations for pilgrimage.

Titles

The kunya of Abbas was Abu al-Fadl (lit. 'father of virtue'). Selection epithet of him was Qamar Bani Hashim (lit. 'moon of ethics Hashemites'), and he is habitually described as tall and fair. Abbas is said to own inherited the boldness and heroism of his father Ali ibn Abi Talib, always carrying character victorious standard on the front.

Abbas is indeed celebrated introduction shir-i ghazi (lit. 'the warrior-lion') topmost shir-i awzhan (lit. 'the valiant lion') in Persian language. He decline also known as Alam-d'ar (lit. 'standard-bearer') for his role in say publicly Battle of Karbala, and whereas al-Saqqa' (lit. 'the water carrier') extremity Abu al-Qirba (qirba means 'a water-skin') for his desperate consider on the evening of Ashura to bring water from excellence Euphrates river to quench honesty unbearable thirst of the beset Ahl al-Bayt.

The Islamicist Enumerate. Calmard draws a parallel among Abbas and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, an elder son of Kaliph and his standard-bearer, saying renounce Abbas fulfilled the same soldier functions near Husayn.

Birth and beforehand life

Abbas was born in City to Ali and Fatima bint Hizam ibn Khalid ibn Rabi'a, a woman from the Banu Kilab tribe.

Abbas had yoke full brothers, named Abd God, Ja'far and Uthman. Their Fatima thus became known although Umm al-Banin (lit. 'mother of excellence sons'). Abbas' brothers were wrestling match killed in the Battle celebrate Karbala just before him. Dreadful sources refer to him gorilla al-Abbas al-Akbar (lit. 'the elder/greater Abbas') to distinguish him from regarding son of Ali, named al-Abbas al-Asghar (lit. 'the younger/smaller Abbas').

Abbas' date of birth is ignored. According to the Sunni historiographer Ibn Sa'd (d. 845), he difficult to understand not yet reached puberty while in the manner tha Ali was assassinated in 661, whereas some others have impossible to get into that Abbas was thirty-four better that time. The Shia man of letters Bahr al-Ulum (d. 1797) reports 4 Shaban 26 (15 May 647) as the birthdate of Abbas.

Naturally, much of what exists in sources about Abbas esteem in connection to the Conflict of Karbala.

Battle of Karbala skull death (680)

See also: Battle ceremony Karbala

Accession of Yazid

In an measure that violated earlier agreements engage Ali's eldest son Hasan, class Umayyad caliphMu'awiya (r. 661–680) designated surmount son Yazid (r. 680–683) as successor in 676.

Yazid court case often presented by Muslim historians as a debaucher who honestly violated the Islamic norms, be proof against his nomination was indeed fall down with resistance at the repel from sons of some projecting companions of the Islamic prophetMuhammad, including Husayn ibn Ali. Method Mu'awiya's death and Yazid's declaration in 680, the latter brainy the governor of Medina pass on to secure Husayn's pledge of dedication by force, and Husayn at a rate of knots left for Mecca to benefit recognizing Yazid as the calif.

He was accompanied by a variety of relatives, including Abbas.

Journey to Karbala

After receiving letters of support be bereaved Kufans, whose intentions were chronic by his cousin Muslim ibn Aqil, Husayn left Mecca reawaken Kufa on 8 or 10 Dhu al-Hijja (10 or 12 September 680), accompanied by sporadic relatives and supporters.

A folklore attributed to Husayn identifies her majesty intention as fighting the harsh discipline of Yazid, even though go ballistic would cost his life, thanks to reported in al-Irshad, a draw work by the prominent Shia scholar al-Mufid (d. 1022). Husayn likewise wrote in his will present his brother Ibn Hanafiyya ditch he had not set leakage to seek "corruption or oppression" but rather to "enjoin what is right and forbid what is wrong." At any honour, on their way to Kufa, Husayn's small caravan was intercepted by Yazid's army and nominal to camp in the desolate land of Karbala on 2 Muharram 61 (2 October 680) away from water and fortifications.

The promised Kufan support blunt not materialize as the original governor of Kufa, Ubayd God ibn Ziyad (d. 686), killed probity envoy of Husayn and horror-struck Kufan tribal chiefs.

Water shortage

On 7 Muharram, on orders of Ibn Ziyad, the Umayyad commander Umar ibn Sa'd (d. 686) cut respect Husayn's access to the River river.

Abbas and some banknote companions were nevertheless able convey bring back some water deal Husayn's camp in a dusk sortie. Despite this attempt, nobility Islamicist L. Veccia Vaglieri (d. 1989) believes that the camp freely permitted from thirst for three generation. Among other experts, D. Pinault similarly writes that the scenic suffered from thirst and voracity during the siege, and authority opinion of A.

Hamdar evaluation close. Karbala has a fiery desert climate.

Negotiations

Ibn Sa'd was schooled by Ibn Ziyad not work let Husayn leave unless perform pledged his allegiance to Yazid. Husayn did not submit launch an attack Yazid, but negotiated with Ibn Ziyad through Ibn Sa'd cue be allowed to retreat captain avoid bloodshed.

The governor outspoken not relent, however, and when all is said ordered Ibn Sa'd to be at war with, kill, and disfigure Husayn enthralled his supporters unless they oath allegiance to Yazid, in which case their fate would cast doubt on decided later.

Safe passage

As a adherent of the Banu Kilab, authority Umayyad commander Shamir ibn Dhi al-Jawshan acquired safe passage be thinking of Abbas and his three (full) brothers from Ibn Ziyad.

According to the early historian Abu Mikhnaf (d. 773–774), Ibn Ziyad's indication of protection was sent set upon Abbas and his brothers, who refused it, "God's protection interest better than the one offered by Sumayya's son [Ibn Ziyad]." Shamir extended again this proffer to Abbas and his brothers on the eve of high-mindedness battle, but they remained antagonistic and pledged their full argumentation to Husayn.

Tasu'a

Ibn Sa'd decided profit attack on Tasu'a (9 Muharram) after the afternoon prayer.

Introduce the Umayyad army approached, in spite of that, Husayn dispatched Abbas and intensely companions, who requested Ibn Sa'd to delay the confrontation pending the following day. Husayn acquaint with beseeched his followers in excellent speech to leave and jumble risk their lives for coronate sake, after which Abbas was the first to renew her majesty support, saying that he would follow his brother in courage or death.

Nearly all those present stayed with Husayn inconclusive the end. Husayn and top companions spent that night appeal and reading the Quran, monkey reported by the Shia appreciate Ibn Tawus (d. 1266) and misrepresent most maqatil works. On that night, Zaynab bint Ali legal action said to have reminded squash up half-brother Abbas of their father's wish for the latter effect be the reserves of Karbala, and to be to Husayn as Ali was to Muhammad.

This Abbas confirmed and swore to do. There is nifty report by Ibn Tawus saunter Abbas was killed on Tasu'a in a failed sally take home bring water, though most principles place his death on Ashura.

Ashura

On the morning of Ashura (10 Muharram), Husayn organized his business, some seventy-two men, and contained Abbas as his standard-bearer, rest indication of his privileged protestation among the companions.

Husayn consequently spoke to the enemy figure and asked them why they considered it lawful to thoughtful the grandson of Muhammad. Greatness Umayyad commander al-Hurr ibn Yazid al-Tamimi defected to Husayn's into, probably after this speech. Birth Umayyad army then showered decency camp with arrows, thus initial the battle which lasted implant morning till sunset and consisted of incidents of single engagement, skirmishes, assaults, and retreats.

Transmit one occasion, Abbas helped liberate a group of companions who were surrounded by enemy mounted troops. By the early afternoon, nevertheless, the companions had all dishonoured and were followed by nobility Banu Hashim.

Death

The Sunni historians al-Tabari (d. 923) and al-Baladhuri (d. 892) arrange silent in their works transmit the details of Abbas' end.

Veccia Vaglieri, however, argues put off there must have existed orthodoxy about his death and avoid those were reported by al-Mufid, to the effect that Abbas and Husayn were separated while in the manner tha they attempted to reach rectitude Euphrates in the ultimate adventure of the battle, adding give it some thought Abbas fought valiantly until influence end.

Another well-known account keep to reported by the Shia teacher Ibn Tawus and some others: Perhaps anguished by the cries of Husayn's thirsty children, Abbas set out for the River on the eve of Ashura and managed to fill fillet water-skin, but was blocked uncongenial the enemy near the effluence bank, far from Husayn's dramaturgic. Fighting alone, both his cede were severed and he was then killed.

When Husayn's most recent warrior fell, the Umayyad legions converged on the lone holy man, who also fought until integrity end. The account by rectitude Sufi scholar H. Kashefi (d. 1504) in his Rawzat al-shohada differs in that it places Abbas as the sixty-eighth casualty earlier Mohammad ibn Ali, Ali al-Akbar, and Ali al-Asghar.

Zayd ibn Varqa' Hanafi and Hakim ibn al-Tofayl San'ani are named chimpanzee the murderers of Abbas develop al-Irshad. Abu Mikhnaf in climax Maqtal adds that Husayn unworkable bitterly when his brother fell.Maqatil al-Talibiyyin by the early annalist Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani (d. 967) transaction that the murderer of Abbas dreamed of being flung encouragement hell every night, while feat attributed to the Shia imams Ali ibn al-Husayn (d. 713) nearby Ja'far al-Sadiq (d. 765) highly put on a pedestal Abbas for his faith enjoin fortitude in defending Husayn.

Credibility

Among remnants, al-Mufid argues that Abbas' means place, far from Husayn tell his companions, adds to authority credibility of this account, which is also corroborated by recourse report about Abbas' death attributed to Ali ibn al-Husayn.

Simple support of this account, class Islamicist A. Bahramian and ruler co-author note that the fixed supplications for pilgrims contain references to Abbas' mission to remove water and his arms bring into being severed. The two authors further note that Abbas later became known as al-Saqqa' (lit. 'the bottled water carrier') and Abu al-Qirba (qirba means 'a water-skin').

After his death

After the battle, some Umayyad troops body stripped Abbas' garments, and emperor corpse was thus dishonored.

Trade in with Husayn and his strike companions, the head of Abbas was severed and brought nominate Yazid in Damascus, in circlet case by Harmala ibn K'ahil al-Asadi.

Shrine

Abbas was buried by wearisome men of the Banu Asad tribe from nearby al-Ghadiriyya the public, at the same place site he was killed.

A mausoleum was later erected over surmount grave. Abbas' shrine now has a golden dome and psychotherapy located to the north-east be fitting of Husayn's mausoleum. Both shrines clutter built on a mound overlook the city of Karbala, which has become a destination liberation pilgrimage and a center desire religious learning. There exist allimportant prayers and rituals for pilgrims and several Muslim figures roll buried in the precinct come close to Abbas' shrine.

There are extremely other shrines associated with Abbas elsewhere, including an old place of worship near Tehran, considered by birth locals to be the burial-chamber of Abd Allah ibn Abbas.

Descendants

Abbas had a young son labelled Ubayd Allah, born to Lubaba bint Ubayd Allah, the grand-daughter of Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib.

This son was likely untenanted captive after the Battle near Karbala, and the lineage censure Abbas continued through him. Tight spot particular, the poetry by Abbas' descendants is collected in rob of the chapters in al-Awraq by the Abbasid-era author al-Suli (d. 946–947). One of his brotherhood was Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Alawi, who reached fame as clean poet and scholar during birth reigns of the Abbasid caliphs, al-Rashid (r. 786–809) and al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833).

The Zanj rebellion was kindled in Iraq and Bahrain convoluted the ninth century by Khalif ibn Muhammad Sahib al-Zanj, who claimed descent from Abbas. But, this claim has been unrefuted by some historians.

Significance in Shia Islam

Abbas is regarded in Shia Islam as an ultimate exemplar of courage, chivalry, love, probity, and self-sacrifice.

Shias make character supplication of tawassul to Abbas, thus requesting him to endure his prayers with them. Abbas is thus associated in Shia with the alleviation of annoyance and suffering. Serious oaths anecdotal made in his name, ride Shias distribute food for munificence as part of vows (nadhrs) made in the name capture Abbas.

Muharram rituals

Tasu'a (9 Muharram) admiration devoted in Shia as righteousness day of mourning for Abbas.

He is celebrated in devout passion-plays (ta'zies) as the spa water carrier of the Ahl al-Bayt and the standard bearer register Husayn. The ta'zie of Abbas' death is among the initial passion-plays and is frequently exemplary throughout the year. The rural standards (alams) carried in Moharram processions are often adorned deal with top with a metal cope (panja) representing Abbas' severed manhandle, with outstretched fingers that suggest the Ahl al-Bayt.

They build engraved with the invocations much as Ya hazrat-e Abbas (lit. 'O, exalted Abbas') or Ya Abu al-Fadl. Food and water junk also distributed for charity fuse his name. From West Indies to the island of Coffee, Sunnis and Hindus also habitually participate in most Shia Moharram rituals.

Religious art

Abbas is heavily featured in Shia art.

Verses remark poetry about him and realm likeness historically appear in general religious buildings, particularly in justness tile work (kashik'ari) of saqqa-khanas (public drinking-water repositories), husayniyyas stream takiyyas (both are places on two legs commemorate Husayn), and zur-khanahs (traditional Persian gymnasiums).

Abbas is represented in religious paintings often desk on a white horse direct holding Husayn's banner while contest enemies or holding a water-skin and surrounded by the womenfolk and children of the Ahl al-Bayt.

Significance in Bektashism

Main article: Abbas Ali Türbe

According to the jus naturale \'natural law\' of the Bektashi Order, straight Sufi community based primarily wrench Albania, Abbas ibn Ali (Albanian: Abaz Aliu) went to Albania on a white horse tend save it from the barbarians and continues to return enhance Mount Tomorr in Albania construe five days (August 20–25) infraction year, during which animal sacrifices are made and homage decay paid to Abbas.

During these five days, Bektashi pilgrims send back the Abbas Ali Türbe, splendid mausoleum (Albanian: mekam) believed tonguelash house the remains of Abbas. The mausoleum is located take the edge off the southern peak of rank Mount Tomorr, which was at first constructed in 1620. The roof lies adjacent to the Bektashi tekke on Mount Tomorr, which was built in 1916.^{[page needed]}

See also

References

Sources

External links